24-BIT COLOR
Same as true-color image. Generally refers to 24-bit or better images. In 24 bit color, each pixel has 24 bits assigned to it, representing 16.7 million colors. 8-bits - or one byte - is assigned to each of the red, green, and blue components of a pixel.
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24-BIT IMAGE
A digital image that can include as many as 16.7 million possible colors. Twenty-four bits are allocated for the storage of each pixel.
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8-BIT COLOR/GRAY SCALE
In 8-bit color, each pixel has eight bits assigned to it, providing 256 colors or shades of gray, as in a grayscale image.
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8-BIT IMAGE
A digital image that can include as many as 256 possible colors. Eight bits are allocated for the storage of each pixel.
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ABA
American Bankers Association.
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ABC INVENTORY SYSTEM
Inventory system that classifies items into categories based on sales or profits generated for each category for a specified period.
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ABEND
ABnormal END. A condition that occurs when the computer is presented with instructions or data it cannot recognize. Also called Crash or bomb.
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ABLATE
To remove. Refers to the formation of laser readable "pits" in the recording layer of optical disks. Also referred to as ablative.
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ABORT
To interrupt and halt the execution of a computer program.
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ABSTRACT SYNTAX
A description of a data structure that is independent of machine-oriented structures and encodings. See Transfer Syntax.
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ACCELERATOR
A device or software designed to speed up operations, such as refreshing a screen image. Many PC SVGA graphics boards come furnished with accelerator chips. There are also auxiliary boards (commonly called pass-through boards) that will boost the speed of regular VGA boards.
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ACCEPT RATE
The percentage of characters an OCR recognizes (either correctly or incorrectly) from the total number of characters in the documents.
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ACCESS
The reading or writing of data. To gain entry to data. Most commonly used in connection with information access via a user ID and qualified by an indication as to the kinds of access that are permitted. For example, read-only access means that the contents of the file may be read but not altered or erased. To retrieve information from memory.
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ACCESS CONTROL LIST
A list of the services available on a server, each with a list of the hosts permitted to use the service.
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ACCESS METHODS
Software routines that are part of the operating system or network control programs that perform actual storing and receiving of data; includes tape, disk and communications access methods.
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ACCESS TIME
The time it takes for the magnetic or optical drive to find the data or image. It is the sum of the average latency and the average seek time. The time required for a data storage device to locate and retrieve data. Time required to retrieve information from memory. The access time for data in main memory is much faster than from a mass memory storage medium such as a disk or tape.
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ACCOUNT
A subscription to a networked computer system.
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ACCOUNT NAME
Name, as in a login ID or user ID. The word typed at the "Login:" prompt; an electronic name.
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ACCOUNT NUMBER FIELD
On a coupon, the customer account number is usually printed on the document and included in the scan line. This account number determines which customer will be credited with the payment. On a check, the customer account number is their bank account number and determines which customer will be debited with the check amount. This account number is included in the On-Us Field of the check. See MICR Line.
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ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE ENTRY
An ACH transaction format that supports the electronic clearing and settlement of remittance checks converted to electronic transactions at lockboxes or other collection sites.
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ACCURACY
As used in judging OCR, it is the extent to which the document is recognized with no errors. Usually expressed as a percentage.
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ACH
Automated Clearing House (ACH) Network.
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ACHROMATIC
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ACL
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ACQUIRE
Moves data into an image-editing application from a PCMCIA card, from an archive folder on your hard disk, or from the dynamic random access memory of a camera connected to a computer without a PCMCIA card. As the image is acquired, the color correction values associated with the current balance selection are applied to the image data.
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ACQUIRING PROCESSOR
The processor that provides credit card processing, billing, reporting and settlement and operational services to acquiring banks.
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ACROBAT
Adobe Systems, Inc. software that lets users share desktop published documents with other users even if they don't have the original application on their system.
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ACS
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ACT OF GOD
A term used to denote a danger beyond control of avoidance by human power; any accident produced by a physical cause that is irresistible, such as hurricane, flood, lightning, etc., which is in no way connected with negligence.
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ACTIVE DISPLAY AREA
The part of the image that falls inside of the borders of the display screen.
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ACTIVE WINDOW
The window on the desktop where the next action will occur. Horizontal lines in the title bar indicate that the window is the active one.
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ACTIVEX
Microsoft's proprietary Windows technology.
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ADAPTIVE COMPRESSION
Data compression software that continuously analyzes and compensates its algorithm depending on the type and content of the data and the storage medium.
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ADAPTIVE DESCRIPTION FILE (ADF)
Text file that is associated with a Micro Channel peripheral that describes the resources it needs to operate.
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ADDENDA RECORD
A portion of an ACH payment record that contains payment related information. This information, sent in standard formats, can accompany payments exchanged through the ACH network.
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ADDITIVE COLORS
Red, Green, and Blue are referred to as additive colors. Red+Green+Blue=White.
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ADDRESS
Numbers that identify locations on the disk by sector and by byte. A character or group of characters that identify a register, a location or some other data source or destination.
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ADDRESS CHANGE SERVICE (ACS)
An automated process that provides change-of-address information to mailers who maintain computerized mailing lists. The information is captured in the Computerized Forwarding System (CFS) units and sent to mailers on electronic media to eliminate manual processing of change information.
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ADDRESS SERVICE REQUEST (ASR)
An endorsement which, when printed below the return address on a mailing piece, authorizes the USPS to provide the new address (when known) of a person at the address on the mailing piece.
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ADF
Automatic Document Feeder
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ADMINISTRATIVE DOMAIN (AD)
A group of hosts, routers and networks operated and managed by a single organization.
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ADOBE SYSTEMS, INC.
Mountain View, California, company that produces Postscript, Photoshop and Acrobat along with other popular software programs.
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ADOBE TYPE MANAGER (ATM)
Software from Adobe Systems lnc. for Macintoshes that eliminates jagged edges in screen fonts and allows non-Apple printers to reproduce postscript fonts accurately and cleanly.
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ADP
Automatic Data Processing
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ADSL
See Digital Subscriber Line.
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ADVANCE DEPOSIT ACCOUNT
Mailer account maintained by the USPS from which postage is deducted at the time of mailing.
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ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS CONTROL PROCEDURE (ADCCP)
A bit oriented communications protocol standardized by ANSI.
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AFFIDAVIT
A sworn statement. In the case of ACH processing, a sworn statement by a consumer declaring that a particular ACH transaction was unauthorized.
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AFP
Association for Financial Professionals or AppleTalk Filing Protocol.
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AGGRESSIVE RECOGNITION
An OCR that uses rules and parameters that increase the chance of a mistake. A broader OCR. Fewer rejects but more mistakes.
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AIX
(Advanced Interactive executive) IBM's version of UNIX.
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ALERT BOX
Box that appears on screen to give a warning or to report an error message. Sometimes accompanied by a beep.
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ALGORITHM
Mathematical formula or procedure used to solve a problem or conduct an operation. The specific process in a computer program used to solve a particular problem. A list of exact steps to perform a specific calculation or programming problem. A precise description of the solution to a problem.
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ALIAS
An alternate name used for a field or file. A duplicate of a file's icon, not of the file itself, indicated by an italicized icon name
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ALIASING
An effect caused by sampling an image (or signal) at too low a rate. It makes rapid change (high texture) areas of an image appear as a slow change in the sample image. Once aliasing occurs, there is no way to accurately reproduce the original image from the sampled image.
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ALIGNING EDGE
The bottom edge of a check when its face is being viewed.
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ALIGNMENT
The vertical variation between the bottom edges of adjacent MICR characters.
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ALLOCATE
To reserve a portion of disk or memory.
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ALPHANUMERIC
Category of characters including letters and numbers. Sometimes also includes punctuation marks and standard typewriter symbols such as $, %, &, etc.
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ALPHANUMERIC OCR READER
An OCR reader that can read both alphabetic and numeric characters.
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AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION
The trade association representing the interests of federally insured commercial banks. Administers standards for MICR encoded checks in the United States. Plays a key role in setting standards for inter-bank financial transactions (e.g., checks).
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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI)
The national coordinator of the voluntary standards system for the United States. ANSI coordinates the voluntary development of national consensus. (ANSI) standards, approves standards as American National Standards and serves as a clearinghouse and information center for American National Standards and international standards.
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AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR INFORMATION EXCHANGE (ASCII)
This is the de facto world-wide standard for the "code" used by computers to represent all the upper and lower-case Latin letters, numbers, punctuation, etc. There are 128 standard ASCII codes each of which can be represented by a 7 digit binary number: 0000000 through 1111111.
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AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE (ASCII)
(Pronounced AS-kee) The most popular coding method used by small computers for converting letters, numbers, punctuation and control codes into digital form. ASCII is a common language that can be recognized by other computers and communication devises. ASCII recognizes text in seven on-off bits.A capital "C" for instance is 1000011. Seven bit encoding represents up to 128 symbols. Eight bit encoding is called extended ASCII and extends symbols to 256.
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AMOUNT
The value of a check, which will pass from the account of the maker to the account of the payee. The appearance of the amount in numbers is referred to as the Courtesy Amount and the appearance of the amount as text is referred to as the Legal Amount.
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AMOUNT FIELD
A field in the MICR line of a check, which identifies the amount for which the check is being drawn. This is the only field that is encoded after a check is written.
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AMOUNT SYMBOL
An MICR character that is used to bracket the Amount Field.
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ANALOG
Continuously variable measurement of physical phenomenon which are similar to the original quality. Opposite of digital. A method of storing electric information, used by most audiotapes, videotapes and laserdiscs. (An analog device uses a physical quantity, such as length or voltage, to represent the value of a number. By contrast, digital storage and gray scale rely on a coding system of binary numbers.)
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ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (A/D CONVERTER)
A device that converts analog information (a photograph or video frame) into a series of numbers that a computer can store and manipulate.
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ANALOG TRANSMITTED DATA
Can be represented electronically by a continuous wave form signal. Examples of analog items are traditional photographed images and phonograph albums.
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ANNOTATION AND MARKUP
Features that allow you to add comments to an electronic document in much the same way that you would use highlighters or Post-it notes to draw attention to specific areas of a printed document.
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ANONYMOUS FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL
A method utilized to move files from one computer to another, usually on the Internet, without having to create a user ID and password.
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ANSI
(American National Standards Institute) An organization in the U.S. that coordinates the development of standards. It is the U.S. member body to ISO.
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ANSI CHARACTER SET
The ANSI-standard character set that defines 256 characters. A combined group of 128 ASCII and 128 foreign and math symbols.
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ANTI-ALIAS
PIE function that smoothes the edges of text or reduces the stair-stepping of an image where individual pixels are visible. It gives it a more professionally printed look.
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ANTI-ALIASING
A blending technique that smoothes the jagged edges of computer generated graphics and type. The process of reducing stair-stepping by smoothing edges where individual pixels are visible.
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AOG
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APERTURE CARD
Card that combines a computer punch card with an opening for the mounting or insertion of microfilm. A standard Hollerith encoded IBM-style punch card that acts as a transport for a 35mm transparency. Typically, aperture cards are used to store blueprints and engineering drawings.
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APERTURE CARD SCANNER
Device for scanning micro images in aperture cards. NOTE: Some scanners can also read information on the card. See also aperture card, reader-scanner and scanning. A type of scanner that allows aperture cards to be converted into electronic documents.
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API
Application Program Interface.
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API (APPLICATION PROGRAM INTERFACE)
A language used by an application program to communicate with another program that provides services for it. These may be calls to the database management system, a messaging systems or the operating system.
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APL (A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE)
A high-level programming language that runs on micros and mainframes, usually used to develop mathematical models.
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APPC (ADVANCED PROGRAM TO PROGRAM COMMUNICATIONS)
A communications protocol from IBM that allows a program to interact with another program. It provides a common programming across all IBM platforms in client/server and distributed computing environments.
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APPEND
Adding data to the end of an existing file.
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APPLE TALK FILING PROTOCOL
Protocol that allows distributed file sharing across an AppleTalk network.
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APPLET
A small Java program that can be embedded in an HTML page. Applets differ from full-fledged Java applications in that they are not allowed to access certain resources on the local computer, such as files and serial devices (modems, printers, etc.) and are prohibited from communicating with most other computers across a network. The current rule is that an applet can only make an Internet connection to the computer from which the applet was sent. See HTML, Java.
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APPLICATION
An application is a specific user program that calls operating system services and performs work, such as data creation or manipulation. Imaging is an application program. Applications may be stand-alone, network-based, or part of an integrated package. A computer software program designed to meet a specific need. The use to which a data processing system is put within a given discipline, such as a payroll application, an airline reservation application or a network application.
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APPLICATION GENERATOR
Software that generates an executable program with the information that is supplied by the user.
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APPLICATION LAYER
The highest layer within the protocol hierarchy. See OSI model.
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APPLICATION PACKAGE
A software program from a software vendor that is created for a specific purpose, function or industry.
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APPLICATION PROGRAM
A program that is written for or by a user that applies to the users discipline.
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APPLICATION PROGRAM INTERFACE
A set of calling conventions defining how a service is invoked through a software program.
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APPLICATION SERVER
A dedicated CPU that delivers a specific application to the network users.
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APRP (ADAPTIVE PATTERN RECOGNITION PROCESSING)
One of the most sophisticated technologies currently available in modern text retrieval software. APRP automatically indexes the binary patterns in digital information, creating a pattern-based memory that is optimized for the content of the data. It eliminates the costly labor of manually defining keywords and sorting and labeling information in database fields. APRP has a high tolerance for input data errors, eliminating the need for OCR clean up.
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APS (ADVANCED PHOTO SYSTEM)
A film cartridge system that magnetically records all picture data for each frame of film. This data is then used by the photo finisher to provide you with better pictures and new services that can't be found with traditional film cameras.
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ARC
See Accounts Receivable Entry.
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ARCHIE
A tool (software) for finding files stored on anonymous FTP sites. One must type the exact file name or a substring of it. See Gopher, Prospero, WAIS and World Wide Web.
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ARCHIVAL IMAGE
An image meant to have lasting utility. Archival images are usually kept off-line on a cheaper storage medium such as CD-ROM or magnetic tape, in a secure environment. Archival images are of a higher resolution and quality than the digital image delivered to the user on-screen. The file format most often associated with archival images is TIFF, or Tagged Image File Format, as compared to on-screen viewing file formats, which are usually JPEGs and GIFs.
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ARCHIVAL SCANS
Digital images serving as surrogates of the original. At this point in time, there is no such thing as an Archival or Preservation scan that acts as an exact replica or replacement of the original, as it is not yet possible to record every piece of information found in the original with today's scanner technology.
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ARCHIVE
The long-term storage of data or images. Archiving is generally accomplished on some form of magnetic media; such as disk or tape, or optical media; such as Writable CD. To copy programs and data onto an auxiliary storage medium (disk, tape, etc.) for long-term retention. A file with a structure that allows storage of multiple files within it in such a way that the names of the files can be listed and files can be individually added and deleted. The terminology is typically associated with microcomputers. On a mainframe, such an archive is typically called a library.
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ARCHIVED
To be copied onto a disk for backup. Archived files are usually compressed for improved storage.
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ARTIFACTS
Visual digital effects introduced into an image during scanning that do not correspond to the original image being scanned. Artifacts might include pixelation, dotted or straight lines, regularly repeated patterns, moire, etc.
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AS-400
IBM's very popular proprietary computer.
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ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
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ASPECT RATIO
Refers to the ratio of horizontal to vertical dimensions of an image. (35mm slide frame is 3:2, TV 4:3, HDTV 16:9, 4X5 film 5:4) The length divided by the height of a mail piece. First-class mail requires an aspect ratio between 1.3 and 2.5. The mail sorting equipment requires mail to be rectangular in shape. Postage is higher for nonstandard sizes.
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ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT (AIIM)
The industry trade association that includes micrographics, optical disc, and electronic image management markets. In 1996 the name is being changed to AIIM International.
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ASYNCHRONOUS
A method of transmission where characters are sent at irregular intervals by preceding each character with a start bit and following it with a stop bit. This is how most small computers communicate with each other.
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ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE
The standard for a packet switching technique that uses packets (cells) of fixed length. Also referred to as BISDN and Cell Relay.
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ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode or Automatic Teller Machine.
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ATM (ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE)
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is a packet-switched, broadband network architecture and it is expected to become an established standard by the late 1990s. ATM is a real-time architecture that provides very high bandwidths as required. The initial implementations will operate at 155.52 megabits per second (Mbps), then at 622.08 Mbps. The very high bandwidth and the ability to transmit multiple media (images, voice, video, etc.) make ATM an attractive, high-speed architecture for both local-area networks (LANs) and wide-area networks (WANs) especially where images are a major part of the business processes.. ATM can be useful for enterprise networks, which often connect LANs over wide areas and may need to transport large amounts of data over very long distances. FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) is also good architecture for LANs, and frame relay has possibilities for WANs, but neither of these architectures is suitable for both LANs and WANs. But ATM is still quite expensive. ATM allows transmission of voice, images, video, and data at the same time.
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ATM (ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE)
A network protocol that transfers data in cells or packets of a small fixed size. The small, fixed size of ATM allows data such as video, voice and data to be transferred over the same network.
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ATTENDED MODE
A PIE operating mode. When PIE is in attended mode, it stops the first time it finds an error, prompts you to resolve the error, and starts up again only after you do so. See also Unattended Mode.
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AUDIT TRAIL
Information captured and printed on the back of a document that normally includes the date, batch number, transaction or sequence number, amount and possibly operator number, machine number or other information included by the software vendor. The audit trail (captured and printed) is used to track an item through the entire process.
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AUTHENTICATION
The process of ensuring the identity of a user who has logged on to a system.
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AUTHENTICATION TOKEN
A portable device used for authenticating a user. Authentication tokens operate by challenge/response, time-based code sequences or other techniques. This may include paper-based lists of one-time passwords.
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AUTHORIZATION
Permission to access non-public information or use equipment that is either fully or partially restricted. Process of establishing what can or cannot be done. The act of insuring that a credit card holder has adequate funds available against their line of credit. When a positive authorization occurs, an authorization code is generated and funds are set aside. The cardholder's available credit limit is reduced by the authorized amount. As used in ARC processing, an agreement by a Receiver allowing for the posting of credit or debit items to its account. Authorizations for credit transactions may be given orally, but debit authorizations are generally required to be in writing.
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AUTHORIZING CUSTOMER
A check writer with the legal authority to sign checks drawn against a particular account as shown on the check, and, by extension, to authorize conversion of the check to an electronic transaction.
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AUTO DISCRIMINATION
The ability of a scanner or reader to distinguish automatically between two or more fonts or character types.
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AUTOMATED CLEARING HOUSE NETWORK
The ACH Network is a nationwide batch-oriented electronic funds transfer system governed by the ACH Operating Rules, which provides for the interbank clearing of electronic payments for participating financial institutions. The ACH infrastructure, a combination of federal and private sector initiatives, supports the electronic conversion, clearing and settlement of various categories of payments traditionally made by check, including payroll, remittance and point-of-sale checks.
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AUTOMATED PURCHASING SYSTEM
The electronic method of creating, encumbering and issuing purchase documents and of tracking and recording the receipt of, and processing payments for, goods and services. The system is intended to expedite the processing of Purchase Orders and to greatly reduce the amount of paper that is maintained under a manual system.
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AUTOMATIC DOCUMENT STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL (ADSTAR)
Generic term for systems that identify, select and display images that have been previously electronically stored.
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AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION
A means of identifying an item by machine and entering the data automatically into a computer. The most widely used technology at present is barcode. Others include optical character recognition (OCR), magnetic ink character recognition (MICR), radio frequency (RF), machine vision, and magnetic stripe and voice systems.
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AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINE (ATM)
An electronic system through which customers may make deposits to accounts by cash or check and perform other financial transactions.
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AUTOMATICS
Transactions that are full payments or matched payments, that is, where the check amount equals an amount on the scan line of the remittance coupon. These transactions are batched separately and fed through a transport; the amount due is read off the scan line on the coupon and automatically encoded on the check. Also referred to as Power Encode.
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AUTOMATION COMPATIBLE LETTER
Letter-size mail that weighs less than 2.5 ounces (3.0 ounces if the piece is pre-barcoded) and meets other physical criteria. In addition, the piece must be part of a mailing that is 85 percent zip+4 coded or delivery point bar coded.
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AUXILIARY ON-US FIELD
The left-most field in the MICR line, on the bottom of a business size check. This field is not present on small (personal style) checks, as it would extend past the end of the check. On business-sized checks, this field generally contains the check serial number (check number) and may also contain accounting control information that is specific to the account. This field must be preceded and followed by On-Us Symbols.
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AVAILABLE FUNDS
Funds on deposit with a financial institution and available for withdrawal by the accountholder.
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AVERAGE LATENCY
A display terminology. The time required for a disk to rotate one-half revolution.
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BACK PRINTING
A feature on a printer that can automatically add date, time, or specific text to the backside of the picture.
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BACKBONE
The backbone usually refers to the communications line of a "Bus" type network such as Ethernet. Arms or nodes of the network connect to the Backbone and receive signals to determine if the information is for that specific network user. The primary connectivity mechanism of a hierarchical distributed system. All systems, which have connectivity to an intermediate system on the backbone, are assured of connectivity to each other. This does not prevent systems from setting up private arrangements with each other to bypass the backbone for reasons of cost, performance or security. See Core Gateway.
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BACKFILE CONVERSION
Refers to the process of converting existing files by scanning or filming them as part of the system implementation.
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BACKGROUND
The color or pattern that sits behind the images in the composite. A process that is taking place in the computer that is not interactive or visible on the screen.
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BACKGROUND PROCESSING
A feature that enables the computer operator to continue working while the computer executes another action, such as spooling data to a printer. Utilizing a terminal for one project and concurrently submitting a job that is placed in a background queue that the computer will run as resources become available. Also refers to any processing in which a job runs without being connected to a terminal.
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BACKUP
Making a spare copy of computer files or programs on diskette or tape. A regular backup schedule helps prevent loss of vital data due to a computer malfunction.
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BANDING
An artifact of color gradation in computer imaging, when graduated colors break into larger blocks of a single color, reducing the "smooth" look of a proper gradation.
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BANDWIDTH
Bandwidth refers to the amount of data a cable (network) can carry; measured in bits per second (bps), for digital signals, or in hertz (Hz), for analog signals, such as sound waves. For digital signals, a higher bit rate represents a larger bandwidth. A higher bandwidth (that is, a higher signal frequency) will mean a faster transmission, which means a shorter signal. With a short signal, there is a smaller margin for error in interpreting the signal. A signal traveling along a cable degrades with distance. It is possible to connect the cable to special components that can clean up and rejuvenate a signal. Defines the amount of information that can travel between two points in a specific time. A term used to describe, usually in terms of number of bits per second, the volume capacity of any point within a system or network.
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BANK STATEMENT
A periodic statement of a customer's account detailing credits and debits posted to the account during the period and the book balance as of the statement cutoff date.
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BANKING DAY
Any day on which a financial institution is open and available for transacting business.
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BAR CODE
Machine-readable array of vertical rectangular marks and spaces in a predetermined pattern. In document management, a bar code is used to encode indexing information. Bar coding is more reliable than OCR.
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BARCODE
A unique symbolic code made up of a series of vertical bars that is used for fast and accurate identification of items using an optical scanner.
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BARCODE CHARACTER
A set of bars and spaces within a barcode that represent data; a single letter, number, or other character.
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BARCODE READ AREA
The clear zone on the bottom right-hand part of a document, which must be kept free of printing and symbols except the barcode itself to enable automatic processing machines to read the code and rapidly process the document.
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BARCODE READER (BCR)
A system that reads bar codes.
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BARCODE READER AND SORTER (BC RS)
A system including a transport, which reads and sorts preprinted bar codes.
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BARCODE SORTER
A computer-controlled, electro-mechanical transport system that sorts letters, based upon an imprinted barcode.
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BASE TWO
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BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM (BIOS)
Software (services) used in the ROM (read only memory) that handles the transfer of information between system elements such as disks and monitors. The BIOS services enable hardware and software, operating systems and applications, and also applications and users to communicate with each other. The BIOS services are loaded automatically into specific addresses, and they should always be accessible. BIOS services are updated and expanded to handle newer devices and greater demands. To get a newer BIOS, you simply need to replace the ROM chip in your computer with an appropriate upgrade chip or flash the existing chip.
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BASIC PRESORT
The process of sorting mail to comply with minimum USPS requirements. It is recommended that any mail that is not carrier-route or 5-digit presorted go through basic presort.
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BATCH
A Group of related documents (in various media) considered a single unit for processing. The accumulation of captured sales transactions from a merchant waiting to be processed. Multiple batches may be processed and settled each day.
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BATCH BALANCING
A feature to provide for the balancing of batches in financial transaction processing. If an out of balance occurs, it must be corrected and an update function must be performed.
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BATCH MODE
Method of processing forms and items by grouping them into batches before scanning and reading.
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BATCH PROCESSING
A serial form of data processing in which groups or batches of transactions are input to the system. Batch processing stands in contrast to distributed real time processing in which forms are processed immediately upon initial input.
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BAUD
Unit of transmission speed equal to the number of signal events per second. In casual, non- technical usage, baud is often used to mean bits per second. A measurement of the speed of transmission over a communication line. Named after Baudot, a pioneer of telegraphic communication. In common usage, the baud rate of a modem is how many bits it can send or receive per second. Technically, baud is the number of times per second that the carrier signal shifts value. For example, a 1200 bit-per-second modem actually runs at 300 baud, but it moves 4 bits per baud (4 x 300 = 1200 bits per second). See Bit, Modem.
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BBM
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BC RS
Barcode Reader and Sorter.
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BCR
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BENCHMARK
A test of performance of a forms processing system or computer systems of application programs and data files.
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BER (BIT ERROR RATE)
The average number of errors that can occur when writing or transmitting data.
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BETA TEST
A test of an unnumbered computer system performed by users under normal operating conditions and evaluated by users and vendors.
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BILLING
The process of submitting a claim to a payer or multiple payers for reimbursement. Payers include insurance companies, fiscal intermediaries, government agencies and individuals.
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BINARY
A coding or counting system with only two symbols or conditions (off/on, zero/one, mark/space, high/low). The binary system is the basis for storing data in computers. Binary, or base two, is the building block of computer information, representing "on" or "off and "true" or "not true" as 1 or 0. A file containing one or more strings of data bits which are not printable characters. Some binary files may be computer programs or other forms of data that contain no text characters at all. Binary files cannot be displayed on a monitor, but can be downloaded for use with appropriate applications programming on the computer. Number system with only two digits (0 and 1). Computers store information and instructions in binary code. See Bit.
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BINARY
A system of numbers based on two.
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BINARY DIGIT (BIT)
Represents the binary code (0 or 1)with which the computer works. For example, the bit can take the form of a magnetized spot, an electronic impulse, or a positively charged magnetic core. A number of bits together are used to represent a character in the computer.
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BINARY IMAGE
A scanned image in black and white (no gray levels). A bi-nodal image.
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BINARY LARGE OBJECT (BLOB)
A data type that can be a combination or large amount of data, images, text, graphics and is handled as a whole single object. A scanned image can then be handled as a large piece of data.
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BINARY NUMBER
A number written using binary code (base two) notation, which only uses zeros and ones. Example: decimal number seven in binary notation is: 111.
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BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
A system of representing numbers using only 0 and 1. Also called Base Two.
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BINHEX
BINary HEXadecimal. A method for converting non-text files (non-ASCII) into ASCII. See ASCII, MIME, UUENCODE.
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BIOS (BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM)
Detailed instructions to activate peripheral devices.
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BIT
The smallest unit of data a computer can process. Contraction of "binary digit," the smallest unit of computer data that can be stored. A bit can have a value of 0 or 1, which represents the "on" or 'off state of an electrical switch. A combination of 8 bits equals a byte. A binary digit, a fundamental digital quantity representing either 1 or 0 (on or off).
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BIT DEPTH
The color depth or pixel values for a digital image. The number of possible colors or shades of gray that can be included in an image.
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BITMAP (.BMP)
A representation of characters or graphics by individual pixels (points of light) arranged in a row, horizontal or vertical (column) order.
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BITMAP (BMP)
An image made up of dots, or pixels. Refers to a raster image, in which the image consists of rows or pixels rather than vector coordinates.
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BITMAPPED IMAGE
Representation of image data where each pixel has a corresponding memory element. See also digital image, image, memory, pixel.
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BITS PER INCH (BPI)
Used to specify the density of data recorded on magnetic or optical media.
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BITS PER SECOND (BPS)
Unit of measurement for the speed of communications transmission (see baud). A measurement of how fast data is moved from one place to another. A 28.8 modem can move 28,800 bits per second. See Bandwidth, Bit.
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BLACK AND WHITE SCANNER
Scanner that interprets scanned data as black or white, but with additional software, can perform electronic screening, dotting or dithering to produce simulated gray scale pixel configurations. See also dithering, pixel.
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BLANKET ORDER
A Blanket Order is a purchase order that is not line item specific. It is a means of setting aside a sum of money to a specific vendor.
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BLIP
A mark on microfilm for counting images and identifying the requested image with a computer program. (see CAR)
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BLOB
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BMC
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BOOKMARK
Bookmarks are employed by most commonly used browsers to store the URL of a site. Use of the bookmark facility saves rekeying the URL.
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BOOLEAN LOGIC
A text search method that identifies documents by relationship of words within them. Boolean operators are "and, or and not".
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BOOT OR BOOTSTRAP (LOAD)
To load the initial instructions which get a computer system up and running. The name was derived from the idea of a computer pulling itself by its own bootstraps. A 'cold boot' is performed when the computer's power is turned on. A "warm boot' occurs as a response to a reset command performed by the operator. Many modern microcomputers have a bootstrap loader in ROM, so they automatically boot themselves up when the power is turned on.
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BPI
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BPI (BITS PER INCH)
Measurement of density. The number of bits stored in a linear inch.
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BPP (BITS PER PIXEL)
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BPR (BUSINESS PROCESS REDESIGN)
Reengineering a company or departmental work processes.
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BPS
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BPS (BITS PER SECOND)
Measurement of speed of data transfer.
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BRC
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BRE
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BRIDGE
In networks, the term bridge generally refers to the hardware devices that can pass packets from one network to another. A device that connects two networks and passes traffic between them based only on the node address, so that traffic between nodes on one network does not appear on the other network. For example, an Ethernet bridge only looks at the Ethernet address. Related devices are: repeaters which simply forward electrical signals from one cable to another and full-fledged routers which make routing decisions based on several criteria. In OSI terminology, a bridge is the Data Link Layer.
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BRIGHTNESS
Refers to the value of a pixel in an electronic image, representing its lightness value from black to white. Usually defined as brightness levels ranging in value from 0 (black) to 255 (white). Differences in the intensity of light reflected from or transmitted through an image independent of its hue and saturation. It's the value of a pixel in an electronic image, representing its lightness value from black to white. Brightness is usually defined in levels ranging in value from 0 (black) to 255 (white).
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BRIGHTNESS RESOLUTION
The intensity of light reflected from or transmitted through an image.
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BRM
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BRMAS
Business Reply Mail Accounting System.
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BROADBAND
Communications channel (network) with a bandwidth from 10,000 to over a million BPS (bits per second). A communications medium on which multiple signals are simultaneously transmitted at different frequencies. Also refers to switching capability implemented on this medium that allows communication between devices connected to it. In telecommunications it is defined as any channel with a bandwidth greater than voice grade (4 KHz). Characteristic of any network that multiplexes multiple, independent network carriers onto a single cable. This is usually done using frequency division multiplexing. Broadband technology allows several networks to coexist on one single cable; traffic from one network does not interfere with traffic from another since the "conversations" occur on different frequencies in the "ether," rather like the commercial radio system.
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BROADCAST
A single message addressed to all nodes on a network.
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BROUTER
A network communications device that acts as a bridge and router. It functions at the link level of the OSI model.
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BROWSER
Browser programs let you scroll through documents or data. A Web software tool used to read electronic documents. Explorer, Mosaic, Netscape and Lynx are examples of some browsers. A browser is software, typically running on a desktop PC or other device, which is used to locate and view information on the World Wide Web. Browsers interpret the HTML source code on the pages stored at the chosen web site to present text, images, sound, plus any 'hot' links to other pages or web sites, to the screen in the format determined by the HTML.
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BTRIEVE
A file manager from Novell that allows for the creation of indexed files using the b-tree organization method. Allows you to retrieve, insert, update or delete records by key value, using random or sequential methods.
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BUFFER
A reserved portion of memory used to hold data while it is being processed. A temporary storage area usually held in RAM. The purpose of a buffer is to act as a temporary holding area for data that will allow the CPU to manipulate data before transferring it to a device. A computer memory that holds data temporarily until it can be transmitted or processed. Since a computer sends information much faster than a printer can print it, a buffer must be provided between these two devices. Many computers also have keyboard buffers, so the operator can keep on typing while the computer is momentarily occupied with another task. In order to avoid loss of input data, it is important for the user to know how many characters will be held in this buffer.
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BUG
An error in a computer program or a computer hardware problem. Can be a hardware or a software error, which impacts the operation of a digital processing system.
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BULK BUSINESS MAIL (BBM)
Standard mail (formerly third and fourth class) submitted in bulk. Commonly called junk mail.
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BULK FUNDING
A system whereby a government-contracting officer receives authorization from a fiscal and accounting officer to obligate funds on purchase documents against a specified lump sum of funds reserved for the purpose for a specified period of time rather than obtaining individual obligational authority on each purchase document.
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BULK MAIL
Non-preferential periodical - Standard A and Standard B mail. Includes parcel post or binary letters and circulars.
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BULK MAIL CENTER (BMC)
A highly mechanized mail processing plant that distributes Standard A mail and periodicals in bulk form and Standard B mail in piece and bulk form.
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BULK MAILING
A presorted mailing in which the mailer put zips and SCFs into properly prepared bundles, bags or trays, according to postal regulations.
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BULK RATE
A lower postage rate for non-preferential periodical, Standard A, or Standard B mail.
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BULK RATE MAIL
A special rate classification of Standard A mail covering a large quantity of the same pieces addressed to different people and specially prepared and sorted by zip code prior to delivery to the post office.
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BUNDLE
This normally refers to a bundle of checks that are ready to be sent to another location (the bank or the Federal Reserve, etc).
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BUNDLED/UNBUNDLED PRICING
Bundled pricing describes a computer system's hardware and software that is sold for a single price; unbundled systems have separate prices for each system component.
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BURSTER
A mechanical device that separates continuous forms printed from the computer into individual or partial groups.
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BUS
A common pathway between devices on a network. A single pathway with data being delivered to every device on the pathway. Only the addressed device will accept the data.
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BUSINESS DAY
Any weekday, excluding federal holidays. Specific state holidays may determine Business Day for that state.
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BUSINESS REPLY CARD (BRC)
A specially formatted postcard that businesses provide to customers and/or prospects to enable an easier response. These cards may be used only by Business Reply Mail permit. First Class postage and a per piece surcharge are paid by the addressee instead of the sender.
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BUSINESS REPLY ENVELOPE (BRE)
A postage paid envelope in which a customer may return his check and/or order. Similar to Business Reply Card.
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BUSINESS REPLY MAIL (BRM)
Enables business to receive First Class mail back from customers, prospects, etc. The businesses pay postage and a surcharge only on the mail, which is returned to them from the original distribution of BRM pieces. A permit is required; an annual fee is required to maintain the permit and the USPS must maintain a deposit for payment of postage on receipt.
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BUSINESS REPLY MAIL ACCOUNTING SYSTEM (BRMAS)
This provides an automated method of processing and payment of business reply pieces. Mailers must pay an accounting fee and their mail must meet all automation requirements. Applications are approved through local mailing requirements offices.
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BUTTON
Button-like, on-screen graphic that appears in dialog and alert boxes and that you click to go ahead with or to cancel an action. See also Mouse Button.
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BYTE
One Group of eight bits, processed or operating together. 2. Term used to describe one character of information. A byte allows 256 different possible combinations of eight binary digits. Refers to an ensemble of eight bits of memory in a computer. A group of adjacent binary digits, usually 8, on which a computer operates as a unit; often used to represent a single character. See Bit.
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C
A high-level programming language for desktop computers developed by Bell Laboratories.
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CACHE
The temporary store of data on the hard disk of a PC.
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CACHE MEMORY
A reserved section of main memory or a separate bank of high-speed memory that is used to improve computer performance.
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CACHING
Caching helps to speed up the retrieval process by making intelligent guesses about the images being retrieved and stages them closer to the retrieval station. They may be staged at the PC or a network server so that when they are requested they are immediately available. A form of replication in which information learned during a previous transaction is used to process later transactions.
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CAD (COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN)
Computer programs used to design and draw products in an engineering environment. CAD is based on "vector" graphics that can be mathematically manipulated.
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CADE
Computer aided data entry.
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CALIBRATION
The act of adjusting the color of one device relative to another, such as a monitor to a printer, or a scanner to a film recorder. Or, it may be the process of adjusting the color of one device to some established standard.
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CALS
Computer-aided Acquisition and Logistics Support.
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CAM
Computer aided manufacturing.
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CANCEL
On-screen button that appears in some boxes. Clicking it cancels the action and closes the box.
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CAR
Courtesy Amount Recognition or Read. Computer-aided Retrieval of Microforms and Microimages.
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CAR (COMPUTER ASSISTED RETRIEVAL)
A technology used in indexing documents or, more commonly, microfilm by using a computer database.
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CARRIAGE
In jukeboxes the part of the robotic arm that actually grasps and moves the disc to or from the storage slot.
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CARRIER ROUTE PRESORT
Mail that the mailer has arranged by carrier route. It requires no primary or secondary distribution.
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CARTRIDGE
Removable case containing an optical disk.
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CASE
Computer Aided Software Engineering. A new and faster way to write software for some applications. After determining the relations and databases, the computer will write the code.
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CASE (COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING)
A fast and efficient way of writing software for some applications. When the software design parameters are determined then the computer can write the code.
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CASH ADVANCE
A transaction in which a cardholder obtains cash in person at a financial institution or an ATM. Western Union transactions or the purchase of traveler's checks are also considered cash advances. The transaction is posted against a cardholder's account. The amount a cardholder can withdraw in cash can be set as a percentage of their credit limit or as a set dollar amount.
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CASH CONCENTRATION AND DISBURSEMENT (CCD)
A format used by organizations wanting to consolidate funds from disparate accounts into one central account.
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CASH LETTER
The report that accompanies checks going to the bank or the Federal Reserve. The report normally includes the amount of each check, the sequence number, the bundle totals, and the grand total of the cash letter.
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CASS
Coding Accuracy Support System.
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CCD
Charged Coupled Device A charged coupled device (CCD) converts light into proportional (analog) electrical current. The two main types of CCDs are linear arrays used in flatbed scanners, digital copiers, and graphic arts scanners, and area arrays used in camcorders, still-video cameras, digital cameras, and fast scanners. Cash Concentration and Disbursement.
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CCD ARRAY
Charge-Coupled Device array. Light sensitive diodes used in scanners and digital cameras that sweep across an image during capture and, when exposed to light, generate a series of digital signals that are converted into pixel values.
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CCITT
Consultative Committee on International Telephone and Telegraph Companies.
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CD
The abbreviation for compact disc, a laser-encoded plastic medium designed to store a large amount of data. A variety of CD formats are available for use by computers.
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CD DRIVE
A drive mechanism for recording or playing CDs. The most common types are CD-ROM, MO (magneto-optical), and WORM (Write Once, Read Many).
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CD-REWRITABLE MEDIA
A product on which users can record text, images and graphics for permanent or temporary storage. Because it allows multiple recordings, users can erase and rewrite as often as needed.
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CD-ROM
Compact Disk-Read Only Memory. Optical (CD) disks that are mastered and then can only be read; i.e., the data cannot be edited, removed, etc.
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CD-ROM (COMPACT DISC, READ-ONLY MEMORY)
A non-rewritable CD used by a computer as a storage medium for data.
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CENTRAL BILL
Each cardholder receives a statement that contains only memo entries for each charge placed on the card. A corporate statement is created that contains all of the actual charges. The organization, not the cardholder, is responsible for payment.
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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
The main internal component of a computer where executions of instructions are carried out and calculations are performed. The brains of a computer. It consists of a control unit, a timing device, an arithmetic logic unit and generally a small amount of primary memory storage. A microprocessor is a CPU on a chip.
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CENTRONICS
An interface for connecting printers and other devices to the computer. De facto standard 8-bit, 36-pin parallel developed by Centronics Corporation.
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CERTIFICATE OF MAILING
A USPS form that verifies that an item was mailed. It does not provide Mailing insurance coverage for loss or damage. No record is maintained at the post office.
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CGI
Common Gateway Interface.
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CGI-BIN
The most common name of a directory on a web server in which CGI programs are stored. "Bin" is shorthand for "binary". At one time, most programs were referred to as "binaries". In real life, most programs found in CGI-bin directories are text files. Scripts that are executed by binaries are located elsewhere on the same machine.
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CHANNEL
Path or circuit along which information flows. One piece of information stored with an image. True color images, for instance, have three channels-red, green and blue.
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CHARACTER
A single letter, digit or punctuation symbol. A character is equal to one byte. For example, 50,000 characters take up 50,000 bytes. A graphic shape representing a letter, digit, punctuation mark or other symbol. A single group of bars and spaces, which represents one letter, digit, etc. in a barcode. A symbol that is used in the organization, control or presentation of data; for example, a start or stop character in a barcode or a function code in an OCR string of data.
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CHARACTER SET
A set of characters processed by a specific digital system; sets include alpha characters, numbers, symbols, graphics characters, a space character and control characters. Graphics characters denote a printed mark; control, characters produce some particular effect. Two of the most widely used codes are ASCII and EBCDIC.
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CHARACTER SPACE
The space (or area) where a magnetic ink or printed character appears on a document. Only one character is permitted in a character space.
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CHARACTER SPACING
The distance between adjacent characters. Measured from the right edge of one character to the right edge of the adjacent character.
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CHARACTERISTICS
Features associated with images or text. Examples of image characteristics are contrast, color balance, orientation, and degree of cropping. Examples of text characteristics are style, font, and texture.
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CHARGE COUPLED DEVICE (CCD)
Acts as the "eyen of the scanner. Using arrays of light sensitive elements, these small electronic devices determine the scanner's resolution.
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CHECK
A payment document written against an account maintained by a financial institution for the transfer of money from one party to another. The term includes variable-amount payment documents, such as personal checks, business checks, government checks and drafts in paper form, issued by a financial institution, directing the payment of a fixed sum of money to a third party.
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CHECK DIGIT
A calculated number inserted into a scanline to ensure accuracy. Calculation is performed and the line is printed again when it is read. If the check digits do not agree, then the information is incorrect.
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CHECK DIGIT/MODULUS
Check digits, an optional feature of the set of characters, enable error detection by calculating a redundant digit for a group of digits. When used with an identification number (e.g., account numbers, etc.), the check digit provides a means of detecting invalid numbers. Most systems permit the use of two standard check-digit algorithms (modulus 10 and modulus 11). The system permits both alphabetic and numeric characters in this check-digit calculation. Either a check-digit calculation or verification can be performed by the system.
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CHECK GUARANTEE
A service that guarantees a check writer's payment; the service provider assumes collections risk should the item be returned.
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CHECK SAFEKEEPING
When a check writer's bank retains copies of posted checks rather than returning items to the check writer. Often, banks will provide digitized images of cleared checks in customers' monthly account statements in lieu of returning the actual checks.
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CHECK TRUNCATION
A generic term used to describe the conversion of a paper check to an electronic payment or digitized image for clearing and settlement. Paper check laws, EFT laws, or both may govern these transactions. Check Verification A service used to verify or authorize that a check writer and/or their checking account information is valid and/or the account is in good standing.
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CHOOSE
To pick a command by dragging through a menu.
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CHROMA
The color of an image element (pixel). Chroma is made up of saturation + hue values, but separate from the luminance value.
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CHROMATIC ADAPTION
Refers to the Adjustment to overall color shifts, like those produced by filters.
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CINE-MODE
In microfilm, an image orientation like movie film. The image runs parallel to the outer margins. This is in contrast with comic-mode where the image is upright on the film as in a comic strip.
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CLAIMS PROCESSING SERVICES
Managed P.O. Boxes. BRM (Business Reply Mail) accounts including management and reconciliation of BRMs. Management of multiple campaigns from a single organization. Lock box services.Cashiering services including depositing encoded and endorsed checks. Credit card payments. Exception processing that includes unique donor information or comments.Donor validation to complete missing information. Letter shop requirements. Donor Contribution Management is good for organizations that solicit and collect funds, rebates, marketing materials, warranty and registration cards, and promotions.
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CLEAR
An Edit menu command that lets you remove selected material without placing it on the Clipboard. See also Cut.
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CLEAR BAND
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CLEARING
The process of collecting the cash represented by a paper check, by presenting the item at the drawer bank. Checks are cleared through the Federal Reserve System, private clearinghouses and bank direct send programs.
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CLEARING HOUSE
An organization established by banks in the same locality, through which checks and other instruments are exchanged and net balances settled.
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CLICK
Point to an item and then quickly press and release the mouse button.
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CLIENT
A personal computer or workstation in a client server network environment. A computer program that uses the services of another computer program. Software that extracts information from a server; an auto-dial phone is a client and the phone company is its server. A workstation requesting the contents of a file from a file server is a client of the file server. A software program that is used to contact and obtain data from a server software program on another computer. Each client program is designed to work with one or more specific kinds of server programs and each server requires a specific kind of client. A web browser is a specific kind of client.
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CLIENT APPLICATION
An application running on the client PC or workstation on the network.
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CLIENT/SERVER
A way of distributing information on a network that involves using a small number of server programs to provide data to client programs installed on many computers throughout the network. The server program maintains a database and provides information to the client programs, through the network, when requested. The client programs provide a user-friendly and consistent interface.
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CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE
A networking scheme in which the server maintains the database and processes requests from the client PC to extract data from or update the database.
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CLIENT-SERVER BASED SYSTEM
A system that stores electronic documents on one computer server, while making those documents available to other computers clients, via a network.
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CLIENT-SERVER INTERFACE
An architecture that provides for the splitting of user requests (usually called Clients) and a related server function, most commonly across a network. The combined effect is to provide the clients with access to some service such as databases, printing, etc.
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CLIENT-SERVER NETWORK
A network that uses dedicated servers for all of the clients in the network. In contrast to peer-to-peer network which allows clients to also be servers.
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CLIP ART
Refers to graphic files that are usually distributed on CD-ROMS and can be inserted into documents, presentations, and projects.
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CLIPBOARD
Areas in which the most recently cut or copied item is temporarily stored. The item on the Clipboard can be pasted into layouts. Reserved memory for holding data that has been copied from one text or graphic for insertion into another.
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CMOS
An abbreviation for Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. In this case CMOS are light sensors that capture images taken by digital cameras. Usually they are found in high-end digital cameras with megapixel sensors.
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CMS (COLOR MATCHING SYSTEM) (COLOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEM)
Software program (or a software and hardware combination) designed to ensure color matching and calibration between video or computer monitors and any form of hard copy output.
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CMY (CYAN, MAGENTA, YELLOW)
The three subtractive color primaries.
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CMYK (CYAN, MAGENTA, YELLOW, BLACK)
One of several color encoding system used by printers for combining primary colors to produce a full-color image. In CMYK, colors are expressed by the "subtractive primaries" (cyan, magenta, yellow) and black. Black is called "K" or keyline since black, keylined text appears on this layer.
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COA
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COAXIAL CABLE
One of three types of commonly used network cabling. The others are twisted pair and fiber optic. Coaxial is the same wiring used in television cabling. Coaxial is capable of very high bandwidths and is also resistant to interference.
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COBOL
Common Business Oriented Language. A high-level computer language often used for business applications. The first structured and standardized computer language.
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COD (COMPUTER ORIGINATED DOCUMENT)
refers to any document that was originally created on a computer, like a word processing document or a spreadsheet.
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CODE LINE
The MICR printing that appears at the bottom of a check or other financial document.
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CODEC (CODER/DECODER)
Compresses information so that it can be sent across a network faster, and decompresses information received via the network.
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CODING
Writing computer instructions in a programming language.
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CODING ACCURACY SUPPORT SYSTEM (CASS)
A service offered to mailers, service bureaus and software vendors that improves the accuracy of delivery point codes, zip+4 codes, 5-digit zip codes and carrier route information on mail pieces. CASS provides a common platform to measure the quality of address matching software and useful diagnostics to correct software problems.
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COLD (COMPUTER OUTPUT TO LASER DISC)
A method for storing computer generated data (specifically reports) on an optical disc. COLD is a replacement technology for COM (computer output microform).
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COLD (COMPUTER OUTPUT TO LASER DISK)
Software allows you to transfer documents from expensive mainframe storage, onto an inexpensive, long-term optical disk storage system.
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COLLECTED FUNDS
Funds on deposit for which payment has been received.
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COLLECTION
Refers to two or more electronic documents containing related information that have been grouped together to facilitate retrieval.
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COLLISION DETECTION (CSMAICD)
A communications access method. It checks to see if the network is free and if not it waits a random amount of time before retrying.
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COLOR BALANCE
The ability to reproduce the colors of a scene to some acceptable standard.
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COLOR CORRECTION
The process of correcting or enhancing the color of an image.
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COLOR WHEEL
This is an aid to be used when selecting colors for a harmonious color scheme. You can easily identify and split complementary colors.
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COM (COMPUTER OUTPUT TO MICROFORM)
A technology for downloading computer generated report (data) to a microfilm or microfiche.
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COMBINED MAILING
Mail from several mailers presorted together to achieve higher postal consolidation discounts.
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COMMAND
An instruction given to the computer that causes it to perform an action. A request typed from a terminal or embedded in a file, to perform an operation or to execute a particular program on a computer. An electronic signal to start a computer operation. The instruction word, which identifies the operation to be performed.
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COMMAND LANGUAGE
A special purpose language that accepts a limited number of commands such as a query language or job control language.
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COMMINGLE
To integrate dissimilar mail (such as subscriber and non-subscriber copies, machinable and irregular parcels) into the same mailing. May require USPS authorization.
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COMMITTE CONSULTATIF INTERNATIONALE DE TELEGRAPHIQUE ET TELEPHONJQUE (CCITT)
See International Telecommunication Union.
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COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE (CGI)
A set of rules that describes how a web server communicates with another piece of software on the same system and how the other piece of software (the "CGI program") talks to the web server. Any piece of software can be a CGI program if it handles input and output according to the CGI standard. Usually a CGI program is a small program that takes data from a web server and does something with it, like putting the content of a form into an e-mail message or turning the data into a database query.
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COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL
The method by which two computers coordinate their communications. Asynchronous and Bisynchronous are two examples.
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COMMUNICATION SESSION
The computer-to-computer transmission of data.
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COMMUNICATIONS LINE
The medium (wire, microwave beam) used to transmit data.
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COMMUNICATIONS PROGRAM
A program that makes a computer act as a terminal to another computer. Communications programs usually provide for file transfer between microcomputers and mainframes.
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COMPACT DISC-READ ONLY MEMORY (CD-ROM)
Data storage system using CDs as the medium. Used for reading. CD-ROM disks use the same spiral format as audio CDs. The data storage capacity is usually 680 megabytes.
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COMPACT DISC-RECORDABLE (CD-R)
A newer form of CD disc that can be updated or added to. Sometimes referred to as multi-session CDs.
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COMPACT FLASH
A type of storage card used in digital cameras to store images captured by the camera. The Compact Flash can then be erased when the images have been transferred or are no longer needed, the card can be erased and reused. It also fits into a PCMCIA adapter eliminating the need to connect the camera to some computer systems.
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COMPILER
A program that translates human-readable programs into a form the computer understands. The input (source code) to the compiler is a description of an algorithm in a problem-oriented language; its output (object code) is an equivalent description of the algorithm in a machine-oriented language. A compiler also translates instructions from a high-level language into machine language. It compiles the entire program before beginning execution, (contrast with interpreter). A compiler executes a program faster than an interpreter.
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COMPLIANCE
Adherence to country, U.S. federal and state or company policy.
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COMPLIANCE CHECKING
Checking process used to ensure that a transmission of data complies with XI2 syntax rules.
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COMPOSITE
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COMPOSITE EDITOR
One of the user interfaces used to create and edit composites.
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COMPOSITE IMAGE
A collection of images, such as a school class, a sports team, or a service item.
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COMPOSITE RECEIVERS FILE (CRF)
A file directory of all Receiving Depository Financial Institutions that are served by an ACH operator.
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COMPOUND DOCUMENT
A document (or file) that has more than one type of data. It could be text, graphics, images, video, etc. all combined in the file.
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COMPRESSION
Software or hardware process that "shrinks" a digital image to a lower number of bits for storage or transmission. For example, a series of 0s or 1s could be counted and replaced with a code that represents the number of 0s or Is in that position. See also decompression. Formatting of an image and/or data file to reduce the amount of storage or memory it requires.
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COMPRESSION RATIO
Relationship of the total bits used to represent the original to the total number of encoded bits. See also compression, decompression.
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COMPRESSION/DECOMPRESSION
The reduction of image file size for processing, storage, and transmission. The quality of the image may be affected by the compression techniques used and the level of compression applied. Decompression is the process of retrieving compressed data and reassembling it so that it resembles its original form before compression. There are two types of compression:
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COMPUTER OUTPUT TO LASER DISK (COLD)
The method for downloading reports (data) to an optical disc for storage and retrieval.
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COMPUTER OUTPUT TO MICROFICHE (COM)
A technology for downloading computer generated report (data) to a microfilm or microfiche.
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COMPUTER-AIDED ACQUISITION AND LOGISTICS SUPPORT (CALS)
A Department of Defense initiative supporting the electronic interchange of data and electronic documents between contractors, government agencies, and end-users.
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COMPUTER-AIDED RETRIEVAL OF MICROFORMS AND MICROIMAGES
Automated system of equipment and software to identify, locate, display, or manipulate microfilm or microimages.
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CONCATENATION
The ability of a reading system to join together data from multiple scan lines and interpret it as a single message.
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CONSTANT ANGULAR VELOCITY (CAV)
Technique enabling data recorded with a variable linear density to be read, whereby the speed of rotation of the disk remains constant.
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CONSTANT LINEAR VELOCITY (CLV)
Technique enabling data recorded with a constant linear density to be read, whereby the rotation speed of the disk varies in inverse ratio to the radial position of the reading beam.
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CONSULTATIVE COMMITEE ON INTERNATIONAL TELEPONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANIES (CCITT)
A black and white format of packaging document information and images for storage and transmission. A standard way of compressing images of documents. This is the format that is used by fax machines. CCITT requires less storage space than JPEG or grayscale, usually about 10 KB per side of check. See International Telecommunication Union.
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CONSUMER ACCOUNT
A deposit account maintained at a financial institution by a natural person and used primarily for household and personal transactions, not commercial transactions.
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CONTINUOUS FORM CHECK PRINT
A method of printing that results in many checks being joined together for automatic feeding and printing.
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CONTINUOUS TONE
An image where brightness appears consistent and uninterrupted. Each pixel in a continuous tone image file uses at least one byte each for its red, green, and blue values. This permits 256 density levels per color or more than 16 million mixture colors.
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CONTOURING
A visual effect in an image as a result of low brightness resolution which appears as bands of sharp, distinct, brightness change. Very similar to banding.
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CONTRAST
A measure of rate of change of brightness in an image. High contrast implies dark black and bright white content; Medium contrast implies a good spread from black to white; Low contrast implies a small spread of values from black to white. Tonal gradation between the highlights, midtones, and shadows in an image. High contrast implies dark black and bright white. Medium contrast implies a good spread from black to white, and Low contrast implies a narrow spread of values from black to white.
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CONTROL CHARACTER
One of 32 characters of the ASCII character set that defines a control function for a character entry and display device such as a terminal. Examples are carriage return, tab, form feed and bell.
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CONTROL ENVELOPES
In an EDI standard, a pair of segments that designate the beginning and end of an interchange, functional group or transaction set. Control header information is established by the EDI sender and is utilized by the receiver to verify that the complete entity has been received.
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CONTROL NUMBER/IDENTIFIER
The number used to designate an entity in an EDI standard. For example: a segment identifier IDs a standard segment, a data element identifier IDs a standard data element, and an interchange identifier IDs an interchange.
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CONTROL SPOT
A white, 10 x 10 pixel square that appears in the top-left corner of an image when it is first selected. You can change the size of the control spot or create a new one for a specific job.
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CONTROL STRUCTURE
Segments for information in EDI that are the beginning and end (header and trailer).
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CONTROL-CLICK
Shortcut used to select an image and the associated name.
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CONTROLLER
Central control processor in a computer system, such as a document filing system, a CADICAM system or a word processing system.
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CONVENIENCE AMOUNT
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COOKIE
An item of software frequently employed by commercial web sites to record information about visitors to their sites. Typically, the browser displays a message indicating that the host site is deploying a cookie. The user is asked whether or not they will accept the cookie recording their presence. Online shopping sites often use the device as a way of gathering information about the 'shopper'.
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COPY
An Edit menu command you use to copy a selected item to the Clipboard without removing it from its original location. You can then paste the item into the same or other layouts. The Copy command copies only the image filenames (IDs) or people's names. It does not copy image or text characteristics. See also Copy Attributes.
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COPY ATTRIBUTES
An Edit menu command you use to remove selected items from their original location and store them on a Clipboard. You can then apply (paste) the characteristics to the images or names in the same or in a different layout.
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COR
Automated Notification of Change. A notification transaction that is automatically derived from the original, erroneous item processed through the ACH.
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CORBA (COMMON ORB ARCHITECTURE)
A ORB is a common software that handles messages between platforms in a distributed, multi-platform environment. ORB is "Object Request Broker".
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CORE GATEWAY
Historically, one of a set of gateways (routers) operated by the Internet Network Operations Center at BBN. The core gateway system forms a central part of Internet routing in that all groups must advertise paths to their networks from a core gateway, using the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP). See EGP, backbone.
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CORRESPONDENT BANK
A bank that serves as a depository and performs banking services for other banks usually located out of town.
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COST PER THOUSAND (CPM)
Refers to total cost-per-thousand pieces of direct mail "in the mail" (e.g., up-front proportional cost/M).
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COTS
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COUNTERFEIT
An imitation of the real thing, usually cash or checks, with intent to defraud.
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COUPON
Also referred to as a stub, bill, statement, remittance advice or turnaround document. This is the portion of the bill sent to a customer that is returned with the check. It has the customer account number and the amount owed on the document, normally in the scan line.
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COURTESY AMOUNT
The value of a check expressed in numbers. If this value differs from the Legal Amount, the legal amount prevails.
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COURTESY AMOUNT RECOGNITION OR READ (CAR)
The ability to locate, analyze and recognize handwritten or machine-printed amounts on documents.
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COURTESY REPLY MAIL (CRM)
Similar to Business Reply Mail, but the client must affix postage. No permit fee is necessary.
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CPI
Characters Per Inch. Typically a print measurement.
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CPU
See Central Processing Unit.
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CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)
The chip in a computer where virtually all information is processed.
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CRASH
When a computer device stops working abruptly due to a serious malfunction, which often results in loss of data. A disk crash occurs when a read/write head comes into violent contact with the disk. See Disk Drive.
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CRF
Composite Receivers File.
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CRM
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CROP
To size and position an image in order to use a specific portion of the image. It simulates the old method of trimming photographs by hand on a cutting board.
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CROPPING TOOL
The cropping tool simulates the traditional method for cropping-that is, trimming photographs.
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CROSSFOOT
A numerical error checking technique that compares the sum of the columns with the sum of the rows.
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CROSS-PLATFORM
Software that enables you to share information between computers running different operating systems, such as a Macintosh and Windows workstations.
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CSMAICD (CARRIER SENSE MULTIPLE ACCESS/COLLISION DETECTION)
A communications access method in which a device can check the network to see if it is free. If not, it waits a random amount of time and retries.
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CURL
Curl, also called paper curl, is the distortion of paper, which often occurs when paper is exposed to heat, pressure, moisture and drying, a common cause is running the paper through a laser printer more than once, which can create paper jams or other problems in laser printers.
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CURSOR
A symbol on a display screen that indicates the position at which the next character entered will be displayed. The symbol often blinks so that it can be easily noticed. See Pointer.
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CURSOR CONTROL/KEYS
A special set of keys that are used to control the position of the cursor on Keys the screen; includes the directional keys, Home, End, Page Up and Page Down.
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CUT
An Edit menu command you use to remove selected items from their original location and store them on the Clipboard. You can paste the items to other locations in the same or other composites. The Cut command affects only image filenames (IDs) or people's names. Image or text characteristics do not accompany the names to the new location.
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CYBERCASH
Also referred to as e-cash or virtual cash, a method of secure electronic payments between personal computers over e-mail or the Internet.
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CYBERSPACE
The nebulous "place" where humans interact over computer networks (the Internet is considered Cyberspace). Coined by William Gibson in "Neuromancer".
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DASD (DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICES)
DASD generally refers to on-line, magnetic storage. A term from the mainframe world.
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DASH SYMBOL
The Dash Symbol is used as a separator, characteristically in the On-Us field in a line of MICR code.
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DATA
The generic name for anything input to, output from, or stored in a computer. All data must be in digital format.
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DATA CENTER
The computer operations department where the computers are physically located and managed and where most data is processed.
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DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The collection and redistribution of digital data through communications channels, often including operations such as coding, decoding and validation.
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DATA COMPRESSION
To reduce the amount of electronic space that data takes up.
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DATA DENSITY
The ratio of image to white background space on a scanned page.
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DATA ELEMENT
The smallest unit of information in an electronic data interchange standard. Data elements are combined to make Data Segments. It is the equivalent of a Field in data processing. Also called Element.
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DATA ENTRY
The entry of data in ASCII format into a computer or onto a computer-readable medium. An operator can create it from a single data device, such as a card reader or keyboard, or by data capture systems using OCR.
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DATA FLOW
The path of data from the original source to the final desired output.
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DATA PROCESSING (DP)
Generic term for processing digital data. Generally refers to processing on automatic equipment and computers.
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DATA SEGMENT
An EDI term used to describe the orderly and expected combination of data elements within an EDI set. Unique segment identifiers and terminators determine the beginning and ending of a data segment.
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DATA SET
A device that formats signals of a business machine to digital format for transmission over communication lines. Synonymous with Modem. A file or group of files associated with one part of a study.
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DATA TRANSFER RATE
Speed at which data transfers from a storage to a computer, measured in kilobytes or megabytes per second.
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DATA TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS
Data transport protocols provide a means of passing data from one network node to another. The five most common protocols are: 1.IXP-Internetwork Packet Exchange - Novell 2.SPX-Sequenced Packet exchange - OSI 3.NETBIOS-Network Basic Input/Output exchange - IBM 4.APPC-Advanced Program to Program Communications Session level protocol developed by IBM 5.TCP/IP-Transmission Control Protocol/lnternet Protocol-Internet
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DATABASE
A collection of data that may be integrated permanently into a single connected structure or integrated temporarily for each interrogation, known as a query. In its most technical sense, database implies that any of the data may be used as a key for specific queries. In more common usage it means any accessible collection of data and that only a limited set of data values may be used to specify queries. With Optix?, a database is an organized collection of electronic documents stored on a computer. The database is structured to facilitate the search and retrieval of information contained in the database. Database Field are placeholders for discrete bits of information in a database. For example, your last name would be typed in to a field for that purpose. The grouped contents of several fields together form a record.
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
A systematic approach to storing, updating, securing and retrieving information stored as data items, usually in the form of records in one or more files.
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DATABASE PUBLISHING
Enables you to publish a select group of documents from a large-scale document database to laptops and CD-ROMs, allowing you to create miniature, portable databases.
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DATABASE QUERY SCREEN
A computer generated form which allows you to search for information contained in the fields of a database. By entering information in pre-defined text fields, you instruct the computer to search the database for documents which contain that information. Some document management systems allow you to customize the query screens to accept information that is applicable to the database you wish to search.
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DATABASE RECORD
A collection of the contents of a related group of database fields.
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DATA-TRANSFER RATE
The rate of transfer of data from one address to another such as from disk to memory or from memory to memory. Measured in bits per second.
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DATE
The date is a required data element on a check. It is needed to satisfy the definition of a negotiable instrument. The date represents the day on or after which the transfer of the amount of the check may take place.
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DAY CYCLE
The first daily scheduled time for delivery of ACH files by an ODFI to its ACH processor.
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DBMC
Destination Bulk Mail Center.
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DBMS
See Database Management System.
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DBMS (DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM)
Computer software to manage data.
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DEAD LETTER
Mailing piece that can neither be delivered as addressed nor returned to sender.
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DEBUG
Find and correct errors in a computer program or malfunctions in the hardware.
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DECIMAL
The numbering system in which each numeral can accumulate up to 10 units before the value is carried over to the next position on the left. 0-9,10-19,etc. A base 10 numbering system.
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DECOMPRESSION
Process or returning to a bit map from a compressed representation. See also compression.
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DEDICATED
Computers or programs designed for fulltime use to perform a specific task. A dedicated word processor, for example, is designed to handle only word processing tasks.
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DEDICATED LINE
A point-to-point line in a data communication system between two computer devices that is always connected.
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DEDICATED LINES
Special cables used only for videoconferencing, usually within an office or school.
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DEDICATED SERVER
A computer on a network that is dedicated to one task or program only. It is not used as a workstation or PC.
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DEFAULT
A value, action, or setting the computer assumes unless you specify otherwise. A program function or operation, which occurs automatically unless the user specifies something else.
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DEFAULT SETTING
A preset parameter in computer programs which will be used unless changed by the operator.
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DELETE
To eliminate erroneous or unwanted data.
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DELIMITER
Special character chosen to separate elements in a record or segments in a transaction set.
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DELIVERABILITY
The portion of the mail that can be delivered as addressed.
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DELIVERY POINT BARCODE
A POSTNET barcode that consists of 62 bars with beginning and ending frame bars and 5 bars each for the nine digits of the zip+4 code, the last 2 digits of the primary street address number (or post office box, etc.) and a correction digit. The DPBC allows automated sortation of mail to the carrier level in walk sequence.
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DEMODULATION
Extracts the information (digital or analog) from the carrier signal so that the transmitted information may be used.
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DENSITOMETER
A tool used to measure the amount of light that is reflected or transmitted by an object.
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DENSITOMETER TOOL
It measures the amount of light that is reflected or transmitted by an object, and is used to correct color in a composite image. The Densitometer tool 'memorizes' sampled color areas and then matches them to a selected current color.
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DENSITY
Degree of darkness on the image. Also amount of data that can be stored. Ability of an object to stop or absorb light. The less the light is reflected or transmitted by an object, the higher its density. Refers to the amount of information stored in a specific amount of space on the surface of a disk or memory chip.
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DERIVED IMAGE (DERIVATIVE IMAGE)
An image that has been created from another image through some kind of automated process, usually involving a loss of information. Techniques used to create derived images include sampling to a lower resolution, using lossy compression techniques, or altering an image using image processing techniques.
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DEROGATORY FILE OR ITEM
Also known as a "hot" file or negative file. This refers to an item that is an exception, an account one may not want to process, generally due to insufficient funds or a closed account. This is critical in the case of a foreclosed mortgage, for example.
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DESELECT
To act on, typically by clicking somewhere else, a selected item so that it is no longer selected or highlighted.
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DESKEWING
Software ability to straighten or adjust an image that has been scanned in crooked.
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DESKTOP IMAGING SYSTEM
Usually refers to an imaging system with a single workstation meant to be used by only one person at a time.
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DESKTOP PUBLISHING
Describes the digital process of combining text with visuals and graphics to create brochures, newsletters, logos, electronic slides and other published work with a computer.
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DESPECKLE
Remove specks from an image. A despeckle filter actually blurs the entire image, except for the edges.
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DESTINATION BULK MAIL CENTER (DBMC)
A discount/rate available to some rate categories of Standard Mail that is properly prepared and entered by the mailer at the BMC or other designed postal facility that serves the delivery address on the mail.
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DIAGNOSTICS
Routines designed to locate a computer malfunction.
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DIALOG BOX
On-screen box that contains a message and that often requests more information. If an ellipsis (...) follows a menu item, a dialog box will always appear next.
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DIAL-UP
To connect to a computer by calling it on the telephone.
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DIAZO FILM
A microfilm processing technology using an anhydrous (gas) ammonia for processing. It creates a negative image on the film.
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DIFFUSION DITHERING
A method of dithering that randomly distributes pixels instead of using a set pattern.
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DIGIT
A single character in a numbering system.
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DIGITAL
Use of binary code to record information. "Information" may take the form of text in a binary code such as ASCII, images in bit-mapped form, sound in a sampled digital form, or video. Recording information digitally is superior to analog due to its ease of manipulation and accuracy in transmission. A system or device in which information is stored or manipulated by on/off impulses, so that each piece of information has an exact or repeatable value (code). Used in computers to describe information that can be represented by a collection of bits, which are ones and zeros.
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DIGITAL CAMERA
A device that captures an image on a CCD so it can be downloaded to and manipulated by a computer. It might also be called a filmless camera.
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DIGITAL DATA
Data represented by binary codes.
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DIGITAL DOCUMENTS
Documents that are stored on a computer. The documents may have been created on a computer, as with word-processing files and spreadsheets, or they may have been converted into digital documents by means of document imaging. Digital documents are also referred to as electronic documents.
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DIGITAL IMAGE
Image composed of discrete pixels of digitally quantified brightness. See also pixel. Image composed of binary or gray-scale pixels.
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DIGITAL PROJECTOR
A device that connects to a computer via cabling to enable the computer monitor display to be enlarged and projected onto a screen.
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DIGITAL SCANNER
Optical system that digitizes paper or microfilm and converts physical image into a digital image or bit map.
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DIGITAL SCRIPTS
These are coding commands that turn complex digital imaging tasks into menu options that can be executed with a few steps. Scripts can be written for capture, post-processing, and application-related tasks.
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DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL)
A method for moving data over regular phone lines. DSL circuits are much faster than regular phone connections and the wires coming into the subscriber's premises are the same (copper) wires used for regular phone service. A DSL circuit must be configured to connect two specific locations, similar to a leased line. A commonly discussed configuration of DSL allows downloads at speeds of up to 1.544 megabits/second and uploads at speeds of 128 kilobits/second. This configuration is called Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL). Another common configuration is symmetrical: 384 kilobits/second in both directions. In theory, ADSL allows download speeds of up to 9 megabits per second and upload speeds of up to 640 kilobits per second. DSL is now a popular alternative to leased lines and ISDN, being faster than ISDN and less costly than traditional leased lines. See5iY, Bits per Second, ISDN, Leased Line.
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DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER (D/A)
An electronic device that converts digital data into analog signals. Modems are digital to analog converters.
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DIGITAL VS. ANALOG INFORMATION
Digital data are represented by discrete values. Analog information is represented by ranges of values, and is therefore less precise. For example, you get clearer sound from an audio CD (which is digital) than from an audio cassette (which is analog). Computers use digital data.
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DIGITAL ZOOM
Allows the user to zoom in on a subject beyond the range provided by the optical zoom lens. Digital zooming crops the center of the digital picture and resizes the new cropped picture to the size of the selected resolution.
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DIGITIZATION
Use of a scanner to convert documents (on paper or microforms) to digitally coded electronic images suitable for magnetic or optical storage. The process of converting analog information into digital format for use by a computer.
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DIGITIZE
The process of converting documents from paper to a digital form where the Picture Elements (Pixels) can be binary or gray-scale.
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DIGITIZER
Device for digitization of a document. NOTE: This term is often used, by extension, to refer to a device that allows both the scanning and the actual digitization of the document.
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DIGITIZING
Conversion of an image or signal into binary code. See also analog, digital.
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DIMMED
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DIODES
Light-sensitive electronic components used by the scanner during image capture. Diodes sense the presence or absence of light and create a digital signal that the computer then converts into pixel values.
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DIP
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DIRECT ACCESS
The ability to read or write data directly from or to any location on a storage device without having to refer to data that was previously written. Files written with direct access do not have to be read sequentially starting at the beginning.
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DIRECT TRANSMISSION
The exchange of data from the computer of the sending party directly to the computer of the receiving party. A third party or a value-added service is not used for any handling or transport of the (direct) transmission.
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DIRECTORY
The structure of organizing files on a disk. The table of contents of a computer file system, designed to allow convenient access to specific files. A logical container of files and other directories. Synonymous with Folder. Typically implemented as a file that contains pointers (directions) to files or other directories.
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DISC
Term used to describe optical storage media (video disc, laser disc, compact disc), as opposed to magnetic storage systems.
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DISK
Round, flat digital storage medium which consists of one or more substrates with one or more layers deposited on the surface(s) onto which information can be recorded and played back when the disk is loaded in a disk drive. DISC is the common spelling when referring to optical disc. Term used to describe magnetic storage media (floppy disk, diskette, hard disk), as opposed to optical storage systems. A flat circular piece of plastic similar to a phonograph record. Information is stored in magnetic tracks on the surface of the disk. The disk is housed in a protective jacket or case. Key station information in data entry is stored on disks, which contain format, batches, tables and other software programs.
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DISK DRIVE
A mechanical device into which a magnetic or optical disk is inserted in order to transfer and record information. It has a motor for spinning the disk and read/write heads for transferring data.
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DISKETTE
Small flexible disk, usually 3 1/2" in diameter, also called floppy disk or "floppy".
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DISPLAY
A device that enables information, either textual or pictorial, to be viewed but not permanently recorded. The most widely used kind is the cathode-ray tube. PIE command that lets you look at composites as they're being assembled.
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DISTRIBUTED APPLICATION
Application designed so that sub systems run on different but cooperating systems on a network.
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DISTRIBUTED DATABASE
The data resides in more than one physical database in a network. Access to the data involves more than one database server. Clients may have to connect to more than one server directly and integrate the data they receive according to the applications needs.
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DISTRIBUTED FILE SYSTEM
Allows files on remote nodes of a network to appear locally connected.
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DISTRIBUTED NETWORK MODEL
An organization where individual branches are relatively independent and communication and inventory sharing are done on an informal basis. Under this model, headquarters may offer some functions such as billing, purchasing and accounting, but for the most part, branches operate anonymously.
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DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING
A system of connected computers that provide the capability of local or source data processing.
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DITHERING
Method of simulating gray tones using different patterns of black and white pixels within a cell. See also pixel. A method for simulating many colors or shades of gray with only a few. A limited number of same-colored pixels located close together is seen as a new color.
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DMM
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DNS
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DOCUMENT
A broadly used term that refers to word-processing files, e-mail messages, spreadsheets, database tables, faxes, business forms, images, or any other collection of organized data. Documents are also referred to as 'records.' A collection of data and/or graphics in either analog or digital form. In digital form, the collection is called an Electronic Document or Bit Map.
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DOCUMENT BACKGROUND
The basic color of a document (e.g., a check), separate from lines and information that's printed on it. This generally refers to visual textures or repeated patterns. For security purposes, the textures and patterns may be augmented by varied tints and patterns intended to interfere with optical copying of the check.
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DOCUMENT IMAGING
The process by which print and film documents are fed into a scanner and converted into electronic documents. During the scanning process documents can be OCRed and indexed to insure quick retrieval at a later date.
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DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT (DM)
Industry terminology that refers to a category of software designed to perform overall management of compound documents. The main attributes of "document management" software are 1.) security, 2.) version control, 3.) library services and 4.)www dissemination and communications.
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DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Enable you to store documents electronically. This facilitates the process of retrieving, sharing, tracking, revising, and distributing documents and the information they contain. A complete Electronic Document Management System (EDMS) provides you with all the software and hardware required to insure that you maintain control over all your documents, both scanned images, and files that were created on a computer?like spreadsheets, word processing documents and graphics. A complete EDMS includes document imaging, OCR, text retrieval, workflow, and Computer Output to Laser Disk capabilities.
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DOCUMENT RETRIEVAL
The process by which you can search and 'retrieve' an archived document from a database. This is done by entering information in a database query screen.
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DOCUMENT RETRIEVAL SYSTEM
The automated system that searches, finds, and displays a complete document for the user instead of a citation or reference. Electronic documents are retrieved by a full text search or from a key word index.
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DOCUMENT TRANSLATION
A process of transforming documents into a standard acceptable format. The document is input by the sender or created by the originating application and the transfer formulates the document into a standard format; then the document can be received at the receiver's end.
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DOCUMENTATION
A collection of organized documents or the information recorded in documents. Also instructional material specifying the inputs, operations and outputs of a computer program or system.
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DOE (DYNAMIC DATA EXCHANGE)
A Windows method for moving data and operating tools between applications.
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DOG-EARED DOCUMENT
A document that is damaged or bent at the bottom right corner.
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DOMAIN
A domain or domain name; is the unique identification required by each individual user or organization using e-mail or having its own web site. All domain locations outside of the United States must carry a two-letter country identifier, e.g. .uk, preceded by a code to indicate a commercial undertaking (.com or .co), university (.ac) or other organization (.org)
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DOMAIN NAME
The unique name that identifies an Internet site. Domain names always have two or more parts, separated by dots. The part on the left is the most specific and the part on the right is the most general. A given machine may have more than one domain name but a given domain name points to only one machine. For example, the domain names matisse.net, mail.matisse.net, and workshop.matisse.net can all refer to the same machine, but each domain name can refer to no more than one machine. Usually, all of the machines on a given network will have the identical right-hand portion of the domain names ("matisse.net" in the examples above). It is also possible for a domain name to exist but not be connected to an actual machine. This is often done so that a group or business can have an Internet e-mail address without having to establish a real Internet site. In these cases, some real Internet machine must handle the mail on behalf of the listed Domain Name. See IP Number.
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DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM
The distributed name/address mechanism used in the Internet domain. In the Internet, a part of a naming hierarchy. Syntactically, an Internet domain name consists of a sequence of names (labels) separated by periods (dots), e.g., "tundra.mpk.ca.us."
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DOMESTIC MAIL MANUAL (DMM)
The USPS manual that contains the basic standards governing U.S. domestic mail services; descriptions of the mail classes and special services and conditions governing their uses; and standards for rate eligibility and mail preparation. Domestic mail is classified by size, weight, content, service and other factors.
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DOMESTIC MAIL SERVICES
Covers descriptions of mail classes and their uses, standards for rate eligibility and mail preparation.
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DONGLE
A workstation security key.
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DONOR CONTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES
This service can benefit large non-profits, such as advocacy groups, religious organizations, research hospitals, or humanitarian organizations, which solicit donations from patrons. See Donor Processing.
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DONOR PROCESSING
For organizations that want to capture and expand knowledge of their donors, and use this information to develop new donor bases and create better-targeted campaigns. These organizations often require help handling the donations (pledges or money contributions) when they are received. The services required are providing lock box and cashiering capacity, as well as the ability to handle exception processing. Examples of exception processing are: a reply device or check is deficient and requires additional research, or the donor has communicated some information to the group (i.e.: please only solicit donation once a year).
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DORMANT ACCOUNT
An account, which has experienced no deposit and no withdrawal activity or customer contact for an extended length of time.
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DOS
Disk Operating System. Microsoft software that controls a computer's transfer of data to and from a hard or floppy disk. DOS generally refers to the operating systems for the IBM PCs and their clones. Also the name of an old operating system on IBM mainframes.
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DOT PITCH
Describes the distance between one (phosphor) dot on the display monitor to the next of the same color on the adjacent line. The smaller the distance, the sharper the image on the screen. A .28 dot pitch means that the dots are 28/100ths apart.
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DOTS PER INCH (DPI)
Measure of output device resolution and quality such as the number of pixels per inch on a display device or printer. Measures the number of dots horizontally and vertically. A 600 dpi printer can print 360,000 (600 x 600) dots on one square inch of paper.
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DOTTED DECIMAL NOTATION
The syntactic representation for a 32-bit integer that consists of four 8-bit numbers written in base 10 with periods (dots) separating them. Used to represent IP addresses in the Internet as in: 192.67.67.20. Also called "dotted quad notation".
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DOUBLE-CLICK
Point to an item, then press the mouse button twice rapidly. It's a shortcut or quick way to open folders and to choose items.
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DOWN
A computer is down when it is not running. It may be shut down for maintenance, a hardware failure, or a failure of the operating system or user program.
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DOWNLOAD
The transfer of information from a remote computer system to the users system. Opposite of Upload. Documents are commonly downloaded from the Internet.
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DOWNTIME
Period of time while a computer is not functioning.
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DPBC
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DPI
Dots per inch. A measurement of image resolution. Resolutions of 100 or 200 DPI are common in check imaging. A resolution of 300 DPI is common for document management systems involving graphics.
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DPI (DOTS PER INCH)
The measurement of resolution of a printer or video monitor based on dot density. For example, most laser printers have a resolution of 300 dpi, most monitors 72 dpi, most PostScript imagesetters, 1200 to 2450 dpi. The measurement can also relate to pixels in an input file, or line screen dots (halftone screen) in a prepress output film.
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DPM
Documents Per Minute. This is a measurement of the speed of a transport, scanner, printer or other device.
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DRAFT
An instrument drawn by one party ordering a second party to pay a certain sum of money to a designated third party. A check is the most common form of draft.
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DRAG
The process of moving text, graphics, or photos to different locations in a document. Or it's the way to select items from a list, to select test, and to move items from place to place. Hold down the mouse button as you move the arrow pointer to make your selection.
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DRAG AND DROP
The process of moving text, graphics, or photos to different locations in a document.
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DRAM
Stand for Dynamic Random Access Memory. Images are temporarily stored in the camera's DRAM before being stored on the PCMCIA card.
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DRIVE
Machine for reading and, when possible, writing a data storage medium (for example, disk, tape, card). Can be optical, magnetic, etc.
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DRIVER
A software utility designed to tell a computer how to operate an external device. For instance, to operate a printer or a scanner, a computer will need a specific driver.
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DROP DATE
The day a particular mailing is to be delivered to the post office or the actual day of mailing.
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DROP SHIPMENT
Typically the movement of a mailer's product on private (nonpostal) transportation from the point of production to a postal facility located closer to the destination of that product. Express Mail and Priority Mail drop shipment service can be used instead of a private carrier.
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DROP SHIPPER
A limited-function distributor that carries little or no inventory. The term is sometimes used to describe certain systems integrators that configure a systems solution based on hardware and software obtained from many different vendors and then coordinate the delivery and installation by those vendors without directly handling the related items.
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DROP-OUT INK
Background or characters printed using special ink, which is transparent to an optical scanner or image camera.
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DSL
See Digital Subscriber Line.
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DTD (DOCUMENT TYPE DEFINITION)
Documents are regarded as having types, just as other objects processed by computers do. The type of a document is defined by its constituent parts and structure. A DTD defines the structure of an SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) document.
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DUAL ADDRESS
An address with both a street address and post office box number. Delivery will be made to the address on the line immediately above city, state and zip+4 line.
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DUAL IN-LINE PACKAGE (DIP)
Houses and protects an integrated circuits chip, which is very fragile. The DIP has a row of pins on each side to enable it to be easily plugged into a circuit board.
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DUMB TERMINAL
A terminal that does not possess any data processing 'brains', but acts strictly as an input/output device.
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DUMP
To withdraw all power from the computer. To transfer all memory contents from one location to another. To output contents of memory onto hard copy.
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DYNAMIC BATCH BALANCING
A feature providing balancing of batches. If an out of balance occurs, it must be corrected and the system automatically balances without running update mode.
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DYNAMIC DATA EXCHANGE (DDE)
A Windows method for moving data and operating tools between applications.
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DYNAMIC LINK LIBRARIES (DLL)
An openscript language that can invoke both Windows and non-Windows applications and procedures.
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E13-B
The name of the graphic font used for MICR. It consists often digits (0-9) and four symbols. Use of the term E13-B generally implies both the character shape as well as the optical aspects of the printing of MICR characters.
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EAD (ENCODED ARCHIVAL DESCRIPTION)
The EAD is an SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) DTD (Document Type Definition) intended to assist in the creation of electronic finding aids. Developed at UC-Berkeley, it is now maintained and supported as a standard by the Library of Congress and sponsored by the Society of American Archivists. The EAD can be used to represent complete archival structures, including hierarchies and associations. The kinds of functionality that EAD affords can also be implemented using Dublin Core, and it is also possible to migrate records from Dublin Core into the EAD format if necessary. More information on EAD is available at http://www.loc.gov/ead
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EBCDIC
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code.
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EBCDIC (EXTENDED BINARY CODED DECIMAL INTERCHANGE CODE)
An level code, like ASCII, developed by IBM.
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ECC
Electronic Check Council. A membership organization operated under auspices of NACHA and dedicated to improving check clearing and collection through the implementation of E-Check standards and applications.
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ECC (ERROR CORRECTION CODE)
If there is a read-write error, ECC will recover the block (2,048 bytes of data). Used in CD-ROM technology.
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ECCHO
Electronic Check Clearing House Organization. An association of banks that promotes electronic check presentment through the establishment of rules and standards that support the exchange and settlement of electronic checks.
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E-CHECK
Electronic Check. Generic term for any payment that begins as a paper check and is subsequently converted to an ACH transaction for electronic clearing and settlement.
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ECL
Electronic Cash Letter. Electronic files containing pertinent information from check MICR lines that are used to present the corresponding checks electronically for payment.
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ECP
Electronic Check Presentment. The transmission of the contents of a cash letter (based on MICR line capture) to a paying bank in advance of physical delivery of the (paper) cash letter, or as a result of the truncation of the cash letter items.
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EDI
Electronic Data Interchange.
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EDI (ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE)
A technology used primarily in sales processing for exchanging data from one computer system (the buyer?s) into the another (the vendor's) and translating the data to communicate with the vendor's system.
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EDI AGREEMENT
A contract spelling out the terms and conditions between two trading partners for doing business electronically.
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EDI TRANSACTION (SET)
The electronic equivalent of a business document.
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EDI TRANSLATOR
Software that translates application data to and from an EDI standard exchange format, such as ASC X12, UN/EDIFACT or other standards.
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EDIT
To enter, modify or delete data.
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EDIT MENU
Standard MACINTOSH menu, similar to other Edit menus. Contains editing commands such as Cut, Paste, Select Group, and so on.
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EDMS
An acronym for Electronic Document Management System or Engineering Document Management System
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EFFECTIVE ENTRY DATE
The date on which the Originator requests an ACH transaction be posted to the accounts of originator and receiver.
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EFFECTIVE ISO
Analogous to film speed. A higher number means the camera sensor needs less light to make a good exposure. Higher numbers can help in situations of low light where flash may not be effective, e.g., large interiors in low light.
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E-FORM
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EFT
Electronic Funds Transfer.
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EFT ACT
The EFT Act (or EFTA) is the federal law that sets out the rights and obligations of consumers and their financial institutions with respect to the use of electronic systems for fund transfers. The law is implemented through Federal Reserve Regulation E.
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EIM
Electronic Image Management.
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EISA (EXTENDED INDUSTRY STANDARD ARCHITECTURE)
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ELECTRONIC (DIGITAL) SIGNATURE
An electronic equivalent of a written signature that could be a code or a symbol.
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ELECTRONIC CLAIM
A digital representation of a claim generated by a provider or by a contractor for submission of that claim to the payer.
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ELECTRONIC COMMERCE (EC)
Can be simply described as doing business electronically. More precisely it is conducting the exchange of information using a combination of structured messages (EDI), unstructured messages (e-mail), data, databases and database access across the entire range of networking technologies. Also known as Electronic Trading or ET.
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ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE
The inter-company electronic transmission of business documents in standard formats (formats defined by ANSI ASC XI2) that permits data to be transferred without re-keying. Typically involves order, invoice and similar information, but does not, except in specific instances, initiate the movement of funds.
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ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
An integrated system employing EIM and workflow to automate business work processes for increased productivity and improved competitive positioning. Workflow and change of culture and work process are essential for productivity increase.
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ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS
Documents that are stored on a computer. The documents may have been created on a computer, as with word-processing files and spreadsheets, or they may have been converted into digital documents by means of document imaging. Electronic documents are also referred to as digital documents.
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ELECTRONIC ENVELOPE
Electronic information which groups a set of transmitted documents being sent from a sender to a receiver.
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ELECTRONIC FORM
The electronic representation of a paper form suitable for use within computer applications. An electronic form may be converted to an EDI compatible format.
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ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER
A payment strategy that involves an electronic transaction that moves value (funds).
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ELECTRONIC IMAGE
The digital representative of a document.
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ELECTRONIC IMAGE GRAY SCALING
Production of a digital image comprising several shades of gray.
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ELECTRONIC IMAGE MANAGEMENT (EIM)
Coordinated use of all the electronic imaging techniques for capturing, recording, processing, storing, transferring and using images. See also digital image, electronic imaging, image. The process for recording, storing, retrieving, and processing digital images as part of an EDMS (Electronic Document Management System).
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ELECTRONIC IMAGING
Electronic techniques for capturing, recording, processing, storing, transferring and using images. See also digital image, electronic image management, image.
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ELECTRONIC LOCKBOX
A collection service provided by banks and other processors that records receipt of incoming wire transfers or payments, reformats the data and transmits it to the company in whatever format the company desires (typically for posting directly into A/R systems). Often used in conjunction with traditional (paper based) lockboxes for a full "receivables" solution.
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ELECTRONIC MAIL
A system whereby a computer user can exchange messages with other computer users (or groups of users) via a communications network; also known as E-Mail. Messages, usually text, sent from one person to another via computer. E-mail can also be sent automatically to a large number of addresses (Mailing List).
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ELECTRONIC MAIL GATEWAYS
A combination of software and hardware that allows users of an electronic mail system to communicate and exchange messages with different electronic mail systems.
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ELECTRONIC MAILBOX
A repository for information belonging to a single user that is usually provided by a third-party value-added network (VAN). This mailbox makes it unnecessary for a user to provide dedicated hardware to receive incoming data. An electronic mailbox is analogous to a post office box.
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ELECTRONIC MESSAGING
Exchanging data between two non-interactive addressable entities. Examples of electronic messaging include electronic mail, electronic funds transfer and electronic data interchange.
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ELECTRONIC PURSES
Using smart card technology, an electronic purse is created with cash amounts stored electronically on a microchip, creating a pre-payment card, which can then be used to buy a range of goods and services. This allows the safe transfer of value to another electronic purse.
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ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET
A software package designed to aid in the solution of mathematical problems by using an 'electronic sheet' or grid of rows and columns on the video screen. Locations within the grid can be treated as variables. Equations for solving complex problems may be applied to these variables.
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ELECTRONIC TRADING
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ELEMENT
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ELEMENT DELIMITER
A special character used to separate elements in a segment. It follows the segment identifier and each data element in a segment except the last. This is also referred to as an Element Separator.
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ELEMENT REFERENCE NUMBER
The number, which identifies each element in a segment diagram with its corresponding definition in the data dictionary. Also referred to as "data element number".
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ELEMENT SEPARATOR
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ELLIPSIS
Three dots enclosed in parentheses (...). Menu items followed by an ellipsis require a dialog box.
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E-MAIL
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E-MAIL ADDRESS
The domain-based address that is used to send electronic mail to a specified destination. For example, an editor's address is "someone@somedomain.org."
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E-MAIL SERVER
A computer system that provides mailbox storage and directory services and optionally, UA services.
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EMBED
To insert an object created in one document into another document.
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ENCODER
A device that prints the MICR line on a check.
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ENCODING
The process of imprinting the MICR characters on checks, deposit slips and other banking documents. Also called MICR Encoding.
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ENCRYPTION
The process of converting a message so that it is unreadable unless "decrypted." It is a method of securing privacy on networks through the use of complex mathematical algorithms. Encrypted files are usually assigned a key that must be used in order to decrypt them.
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ENDORSE
To write one's signature on the back of (a check, for example) as evidence of the legal transfer of its ownership, in return for the cash or credit indicated on its face.
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ENDORSEMENT
Also spelled Indorsement. The information placed on the back of the check by the payee, the depository bank, subsequent collecting banks, returning banks and the paying bank; an authorized stamp or a company/corporation stamp representing to whom the check is made payable.
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ENDORSEMENT AREA
The back of a check that is reserved for endorsements. The back of the check is divided into three primary areas for endorsement by: the Payee; the institution of first deposit; and other financial institutions.
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ENDORSING
Stamping or printing deposit account information on the back of a check.
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ENHANCEMENT
Technique for processing an image so that the result is visually clearer than the original image.
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ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS
Refers to many mission-critical applications that are mainframe-based. Also referred to as legacy systems. This term was used in the context that Enterprise Systems can be integrated into a web presence.
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ENVELOPE
A flat, usually paper, container that is typically used to transport mail. There are many sizes of envelopes. Three examples are: #10 Envelope - a standard business size envelope (9 Vi" x 4 1/8"); General invoicing envelope - an envelope that is typically used for invoicing material, generally 6 Vi" or 7 Vi" in length; and Monarch envelope - a personal letter size envelope (7 Vi" x 4).
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ENVIRONMENT
The environment in which computing takes place that is the aggregate of the hardware, software, policies and procedures relating to their use. The computing environment may be influenced by software, such as the operating system (for example, a UNIX environment) or the vendor (for example, an IBM environment).
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EOF
End of File. Identification by the computer to mark the end of file. Used by some computers in error messages.
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EOM
End of Message. A special character used in some computers to indicate where the end of the message occurs.
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EPS (ENCAPSULATED POSTSCRIPT)
A graphic file format developed by Aldus, Adobe, and Altsys to allow exchange of PostScript graphic files (image information) between application programs.
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ERASE
To delete data from a data medium, leaving the medium available for recording new data.
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ERGONOMICS
The science of fitting humans together with machines with maximum comfort and safety for the humans.
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ERROR CHECKING
Uploading or downloading transfer checks employed to identify errors in data transmission.
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ERROR MESSAGE
A displayed message to inform the operator of an incorrect condition.
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ERROR MESSAGES
Displayed on screen in an alert box to tell you about an error or problem.
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ERROR RATE
Ratio of data erroneously read to the universe of valid data in the population of data sampled.
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ERROR RESOLUTION PROCESS
Procedures established under Regulation E for resolving consumer allegations that transactions were improperly posted to their accounts.
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ET
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ETHERNET
A local area network standard. Ethernet is a shared-media network architecture and is currently the most widely used architecture for local-area networks (LANs). An Ethernet network has the following characteristics: Operates at the two lowest layers in the OSI Reference Model: the physical and data-link layer. Uses a bus topology. Nodes are attached to the trunk segment, which is the main piece of cable in an Ethernet network. Can operate at a speed of up to 10 megabits per second (Mbps). Uses CSMAICD, a media-access method based on collision detection. Broadcasts transmissions, so that each node gets the transmission at the same time. Uses Manchester encoding to represent the 0 and 1 values that make up the physical signal. Uses 50-ohm coaxial cable. Variants can use 50-or 75-ohm coaxial, twisted-pair, and fiber-optic cable. Each type of cable has its characteristic add-ons (connectors and terminators).
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E-TICKETS
Electronic Ticketing. Refers to elimination of one document: the passenger's flight coupon. Major carriers offer this option. Enables refundable fares and advance seat assignment.
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EXCEPTION ITEM
An item that did not post during application processing and is noted or extracted for further handling.
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EXECUTE
To carry out computer operations.
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EXIF (EXCHANGABLE IMAGE FORMAT)
A file format used in digital cameras.
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EXPORT
The process of transporting data from one computer, program, type of file format, or device to another.
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EXPOSURE LIMIT
The absolute limit of ACH files an ODFI is willing to process on behalf of each individual originator.
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EXTENDED BINARY CODED DECIMAL INTERCHANGE CODE
An 8-bit computer code that is used to represent upper case, lower case, and special symbols. It encodes essentially the same characters as ASCII, but in a different numerical format. This system is not an ANSI Standard, but it is used extensively in IBM and IBM compatible large mainframe systems.
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EXTENDED BINARY CODED DECIMAL INTERCHANGE CODE (EDCDIC)
Eight-bit computer code that is used to represent uppercase and lowercase characters and special symbols. NOTE This system is not a standard, but it is used extensively in IBM and IBM-compatible large mainframe computers.
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EXTENSION
The addition of letters, numbers, etc. that can be attached to the end of an image ID to further identify it from other file names.
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EXTRANEOUS INK
Any ink or toner, other than the printed characters, that is located within the Clear Band. When printing, care must be taken to assure that no part of the text, lines, signatures, or other ink is printed in the Clear Band.
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FACED MAIL
Mail arranged so that addresses face the same way.
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FACING IDENTIFICATION MARK
Used for automated facing and presorting business reply, courtesy reply and certain OCR mail pieces. A specific series of parallel bars printed near the top of return envelopes or cards.
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FACSIMILE TRANSMISSION
Process by which a document is scanned, converted into electrical signals, transmitted, and recorded or displayed as a copy of the original.
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FAQ
See Frequently Asked Questions.
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FAT (FILE ALLOCATION TABLE)
The FAT (file allocation table) is where DOS keeps its information about all the files on a partition and about the disk location of all the blocks that make up each file. Because losing a FAT can be fatal in the PC world, DOS maintains a second copy of the FAT.
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FATAL ERROR
An error condition that halts further processing by the program.
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FAULT-TOLERANT
A program or system capable of correct operation even during the failure of components.
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FAX
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FCM
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FDDI
Fiber Distributed Data Interface.
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FDDI (FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE)
FDDI is a proposed ANSI standard specification for a network architecture that is for use with fiber-optic lines at very high speeds. An FDDl network has the following characteristics: Is capable on multimode or single-mode fiber-optic cable. Will support transmission speeds of up to 100 megabits per second (Mbps). Uses a ring topology and token-passing for medial access. FDDl uses light, rather than electricity, to encode signals. And FDDl will support a network span of up to 100 kilometers (62 miles) and nodes up to 1.25 miles apart in multi-mode cabling and up to 25 miles apart in single cable mode. It will support up to 1000 users on the network.
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FDIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. A federally sponsored corporation that insures deposits up to a stated amount in national banks and certain other qualifying financial institutions.
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FEDERAL RESERVE BANK
Any one of 12 regional banks that make up the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve System helps clear and settle inter-bank payments, among other responsibilities.
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FEDI
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FEEDER
A device that automatically loads documents, one at a time, into the track of the transport.
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FI
See Financial Institution.
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FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE (FDDI)
A standard for transmitting data on optical fiber cables at a rate of around 100,000,000 bits-per-second (10 times as fast as Ethernet, about twice as fast as T-3).
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FIBER OPTIC
This type of cable is unique because it uses light pulses instead of electrical signals to carry data. This makes it an excellent networking cabling. It is capable of very high bandwidths, is not effected by interference and can carry signals a very long distance. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are used to send the signal down the optical fiber.
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FIBER OPTICS
An optical system that uses glass or transparent plastic fibers as light transmitting media. A high-speed channel for transmitting data. Made of high-purity glass sealed within an opaque tube. Much faster than conventional copper wire such as coaxial cable.
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FIELD
Usually the smallest data element in a record; a specified area used for a particular category of data; for example, columns used to represent a particular item of data, such as an employees wage (fixed field). The particular field is always used to record the same kind of information. In free field records, each field has an identifier that is present in the record and linked to the contents of the field.
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FIELD OF VIEW
The width of a document that can be read in one scan.
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FILE
A collection of information, such as text, data, or images saved on a disk or hard drive. An organized collection of related records (see record). Each file is assigned a name in order to locate it in memory.
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FILE CACHING
File caching (or image) is a scheme in which an portion of RAM is reserved for use as fast-access of images or cache memory. Frequently used images or files are kept in this cache area for faster access. When there is a request for an image, the operating system first checks whether the image is in the cache.
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FILE FORMAT
A type of program or data file. Some common image file formats include TIFF, PICT, and EPS. The type of file, such as picture or text, represented as a suffix at the end of the filename (.TXT or .DOC).
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FILE HEADER RECORD
The first record in a file containing information necessary to route, validate and track the entries contained therein.
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FILE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
A collection of programs that are designed to format and manage files in a transparent way.
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FILE MENU
Similar to other program's File menus. The Composite Editor File menu contains commands that affect the entire composite (for example: Open and Save). The PIE File menu contains the commands for controlling the PIE operations (for example: Suspend and Attended).
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FILE SERVER
A file sever exerts considerable control over a network since all transactions go through this component. A file server has one or more network interface cards (NICs), through which it runs the network. Multiple NICs are needed if the server is working with more than one network architecture. In addition to controlling access to file and disk resources on a network, a file server is responsible for security and synchronization on the network. Security measures taken are designed to ensure that only authorized users can access a particular file. Synchronization measures, such as file or record locking, help ensure that two users cannot do incompatible things to the same time. A computer that serves as the storage component of a local area network and permits users to share its hard disks, storage space, files, etc. A computer designated to store software, courseware, administrative tools and other data on a local or wide-area network. It "serves" this information to other computers via the network when users enter their personal access codes.
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FILE TRAILER RECORD
The last record in a transaction file.
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FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)
The Internet protocol used to transfer files between computer systems. FTP is a special way to login to another Internet site for the purposes of retrieving and/or sending files. There are many Internet sites that have established publicly accessible repositories of material that can be obtained using FTP, by logging in using the account name anonymous, thus these sites are called anonymous FTP servers.
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FILL FEATURE
Composite Editor feature that lets you automatically import as many images as you want from a folder into a composite.
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FILM RECORDER
A device that is used to record a digital image onto photosensitive film.
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FILTERS (OPTICAL)
A glass or acetate sheet usually placed over a camera lens for changing characteristics of an image or to create a special effect.
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FILTERS (SOFTWARE)
A program that accepts data as input, transforms it in some manner, and then outputs the transformed data. For example, a software program such as Photoshop can take blurry pictures and filter them to produce a clearer picture.
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FIM
Facing Identification Mark.
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FINAL IMAGE RESOLUTION
Generally speaking, the higher the resolution, the larger print you can make. Although print quality is affected by other factors as well, like exposure, color quality, output quality, etc. It's not just how many pixels, but what you do with them!
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FINANCIAL EDI
The electronic transmission of payments and payment-related data in standard formats between company trading partners and/or their banks. Includes electronic format for invoices, initiation of payments, lockbox deposit remittance information sent either directly to a trading partner or processed through a financial or communications third party.
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FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
A federally insured bank, thrift or credit union.
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FINGER
An Internet software tool for locating people on other Internet sites. Finger is also sometimes used to give access to non-personal information, but the most common use is to see if a person has an account at a particular Internet site. Many sites do not allow incoming Finger requests, but many do.
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FIREWALL
A barrier established by a router through which broadcast messages (on a network) cannot pass. A set of components, typically hardware, software and security policy that protects and isolates an organization's data and systems from unauthorized outsiders.
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FIREWIRE
A very fast external bus that supports data transfer rates of up to 400 Mbps. Firewire was developed by Apple and falls under the IEEE 1394 standard. Other companies follow the IEEE 1394 but have names such as Lynx and I-link.
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FIRMWARE
Instructions that are permanently programmed into the computer, typically in read only memory (ROM) and cannot be changed by the user. Also called systems programs. Most microcomputers have a bootstrap loader programmed into a ROM chip, so the computer automatically becomes operational when the power is turned on (see boot).
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FIRST CLASS MAIL
A class of mail that includes all matter wholly or partly in writing or typewriting, all actual and personal correspondence, all bills and statements of account and all matter sealed or otherwise closed against inspection. Any mailable matter may be sent as First Class Mail.
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FIRST-CLASS PRESORT
First-class mail sorted by the mailer, prior to entry into the USPS system into qualifying groups in order to receive a per piece postage discount.
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FITS (FUNCTIONAL INTERPOLATING TRANSFORMATION SYSTEM)
A format that contains that contains all data used to design and assemble extremely large files in a small, efficient mathematical structure.
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FIX
Federal Internet eXchange. A connection point between the North American governmental internets and the Internet. The FKs are named after their geographic region, as in "FIX West" (Mountain View, California) and "FIX East" (College Park, Maryland).
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FIXED FOCUS LENS
Worry free camera operation. Fixed-focus lenses have their focus distance set to obtain good results within a wide range of distances without the need for a focus mechanism.
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FLASH
A built-in flash supplies auxiliary light to supplement natural or available lighting conditions often resulting in better color, better exposure, and improved picture sharpness.
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FLASH MEMORY
A type of memory chip that can retain data after the system has been turned off. Its advantage is that digital cameras with flash memory can have batteries go "dead" and yet retain image data.
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FLAT
A piece of first or third class mail too large to be distributed in a regular letter case. An oversize piece of mail (e.g., a retail advertising circular). A flat exceeds one or more of the dimensions for letter-size mail (11.5" x 6.125" x .25") but does not exceed 15" x 12" x .75."
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FLATBED SCANNER
An image capture device much like a photocopier. The object to be scanned is placed face-down on a glass plate. The CCD array passes beneath the glass.
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FLAT-BED SCANNER
Device for scanning that has a flat surface for input material. NOTE: Generally used for scanning bound materials. See also scanner.
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FLIP-FLOP
Digital switch used to process and store information. Once it is flipped to a particular setting, it will stay that way until it receives another command.
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FLOAT
The status of funds in the process of collection at a bank or financial institution. Float results from the time a sale is made until the account receives collected funds on the customer's check. Float has the characteristics of both time and money. It is often computed as the product of the funds being collected and the time involved collecting them. This product is expressed in Dollar Days ($D).
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FLOPPY DISK
Typically, a removable computer storage medium consisting of a thin flexible plastic disk, coated with a magnetic material on both sides. The most common type, a 3.5-inch, is protected by a hard plastic case.
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FLUSH
PIE command you use to stop assembling the current composite and to remove it from the job queue.
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FLYING SPOT SCANNER
An OCR reader employing a moving spot of light over a document, a microimage or along the contour of a character to read and convert the item being read to ASCII code.
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FOLDER
A place where a user's e-mail messages may be stored. Every user has a folder for new messages and on most systems may create other folders for specific purposes.
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FONT
A collection of letters, numbers, and symbols whose design is based on similar characteristics. A set of characters of specific style and size of graphic type. Some of the more common fonts are OCR A, OCR B, and IBM PIOs. All the characters and digits in the same style and size of type.
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FOREGROUND
High-priority processing, usually for real-time activities, automatically given precedence, by means of interrupts, over lower-priority processing.
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FORM
A formatted document containing data in fields that are identified on the document.
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FORM FEED
The feature that automatically advances a roll of paper to the top of the next page or the next form when the printer has finished printing a document or form of one or more pages.
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FORM IDENTIFIER
An identifier in the form of a numeric, alpha, alphanumeric, or graphic character that is unique to a particular document/form. The correct location and identification of the identifier results in the correct identification of the form being processed.
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FORMAT
The defined structure of information that is recorded on magnetic media displayed on a visual display device or printed on a page.
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FORTRAN
FORmula TRANslation. A commonly used high-level scientific programming language.
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FOUNDATION
Information that does not change from layer to layer. For example, background color, logos, institutional names.
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FPX
Trade name for a new multi-resolution image file format jointly developed and introduced in June 1996 by Kodak, HP, Microsoft and Live Picture.
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FRAGMENTATION
The process in which a packet is broken into smaller pieces to fit the requirements of a given physical network. The reverse process is termed reassembly.
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FRAME
One of the still pictures that make up a video. A scanned image or a special image designed using an image-manipulation application (ADOBE PHOTOSHOP, for example) that looks like a picture frame. A datalink layer "packet" which contains the header and trailer information required by the physical medium. That is, network layer packets are encapsulated to become frames. A packet sent over a serial link.
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FRAME BUFFER
A section of memory used to store an image to be displayed on the screen as well as parts of the image that may lay outside the limits of the display.
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FRAME RATE
The number of frames that are shown or sent each second.
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FRAME RELAY
A switching interface which operates in packet mode. Generally regarded as the future replacement for X.25.
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FRB
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FREE ITEM
An item that is enclosed but not listed on the detail.
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FREEWARE
Software that is distributed for free, with no license fee.
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FREQUENCY
A measurement of the number of electromagnetic waves that pass over a given point in a given period of time.
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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ'S)
A collection of information on the basics of any given subject. Often put together and archived on a server so that people don't waste bandwidth asking simple questions.
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FTP
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FTP (FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL)
An abbreviation for File Transfer Protocol and is a universal format for transferring files on the Internet.
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FTP (FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL/PROCESS)
is the process of copying a file from one machine or location to another. It is actually a set of TCP/IP protocol commands that is used on the network. File transfer is a common networking task. When a file is transferred over a network, the file must first be divided into smaller packets for transmission. The details of this "packetization" depend on the transfer protocol (communications and packaging rules) being used. This protocol also determines how the transfer instructions are given. In networking contexts, FTP (File Transfer Protocol) and FTAM (File Transfer, Access, and Management) are two popular protocols.
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FULL TEXT SEARCH
The ability to search text files for key words. Documents are OCR'd and all of the words are stored as the index.
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FULL-TEXT RETRIEVAL
A capability that enables you to search for documents stored in a database based on the text contained in the documents. It can be used in conjunction with index-based searching which relies on a description of the document entered by a scan operator.
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FUZZY LOGIC
A computer logic that is used to get close to the image by being able to search for parts of the word. Used in OCR.
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GARBAGE
Unwanted or meaningless digital data in memory, on disk or on a tape.
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GATEWAY
An electronic door between one computer network and another. A device or set of devices that connects two or more networks, enabling data transfer between them. When the networks are similar, a gateway routes packets or messages. When the networks differ, a gateway also performs extensive protocol conversion.
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GATEWAYS
In networks a gateway provides a LAN with access to a different type of network, an inter- network, a mainframe computer, or a particular type of operating environment.
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GDC
Global Internet eXchange. A common routing exchange point, which allows pairs of networks to implement agreed-upon routing policies. The GIX is intended to allow maximum connectivity to the Internet for networks all over the world.
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GIF
Graphic Interchange Format.
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GIF (GRAPHIC IMAGE FILE FORMAT)
A widely supported image storage format promoted by CompuServe for use on the web.
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GIGABYTE (GB)
A measure of computer memory or disk space consisting of about one thousand million bytes (a thousand megabytes). The actual value is 1,073,741,824 bytes (1024 megabytes).
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GIGAHERTZ (GHZ)
One billion bytes per second. See Clock Rate.
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GIGO
Garbage In, Garbage Out. Expression used to illustrate the fact that the quality of computer output depends on the quality of the input.
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GOPHER
A widely successful method of making menus of material available over the Internet. Gopher is a Client and Server style program, which requires that the user have a Gopher Client program. Although Gopher spread rapidly across the globe in only a couple of years, it has been largely supplanted by Hypertext, also known as WWW (World Wide Web). There are still thousands of Gopher Servers on the Internet.
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GRAIN
The direction of the fibers in a sheet of paper. Fibers in long grain papers run parallel to the long dimension of the cut sheet. In short grain papers they run parallel with the short side. Long grain paper is generally preferred for laser check printing.
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GRAPHIC
Graphics are one of the three types of data that can be created; stored, retrieved, and manipulated (the other two are text and documents). Graphics are basically pictures and drawings, either created by computer or entered into the computer by scanning or photographing.
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GRAPHIC INTERCHANGE FORMAT (GIF)
A common format for image files, especially suitable for images containing large areas of the same color. GIF format files of simple images are often smaller than the same file would be if stored in JPEG format, but GIF format does not store photographic images as well as JPEG. See JPEG.
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GRAPHICAL ROUTE DEVELOPER TOOLS
Enables you to easily create, and modify, workflow routes by letting you 'draw' a workflow route on the screen, in much the way they would draw a picture with a computerized drawing program. In effect, users draw a map of how they want documents to flow through their organization.
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GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
Defines a format for scroll bars, buttons, menus, etc, and how they respond to the user.
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GRAY LEVEL
The brightness of a pixel. The value associated with a pixel representing it's lightness from black to white. Usually defined as a value from 0 to 255, with 0 being black and 255 being white.
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GRAY LEVELS
A measure of the depth of an image in shades of gray. Although binary (black & white) images are more common, 16 or 256 gray levels are sometimes used in check and forms processing imaging applications.
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GRAY SCALE
A range of shades of gray in an image. Gray scales of scanners are determined by the number of grays, or values between black and white, that they can recognize and reproduce. The spectrum, or range, of shade of gray an image has from white to black. Scanners' and terminals' gray scales are determined by the number of gray shades, or steps, they can recognize and reproduce. A scanner that can only digitize gray scale of 16 will not produce as accurate an image as one that digitizes a gray scale of 256.
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GRAY SCALE IMAGE
An image in which variations in color and shading are represented in shades of gray. Compared with binary (back-and-white) images, gray-scale images take up more space on data-storage devices and take longer to transmit from one computer system to another. However, they are required for those item-processing applications where it is important for users to examine details of the document image.
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GRAYED OUT
Pattern of dots that makes a menu, menu item, option, or icon dimmed out on screen. A grayed out menu, menu item, or other option is not available; a grayed out icon indicates that the icon is already open.
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GRAYSCALE
The range of shades of black. In scanners the degree of grayscale is measured in 8-bit or 16-bit. This represents the number of variable available in each pixel.
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GROUP-IV
A compression method designed by CCITT for use with Group IV fax machines. This method is optimized for compressing scanned text.
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GROUPWARE
Software that allows groups to work together to perform tasks among the group members. Software that serves the group and makes the group as a whole more productive and efficient in performing group tasks.
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GUI
Graphical User Interface.
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GUI (GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE)
Controls on the screen of the computer designed in graphical depictions that allow for "point & click" operations.
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GUMMED LABELS
Labels that require moisture to activate the adhesive backing; replaced for all practical purposes by pressure sensitive labels.
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GUTTER
The center of a two page spread, where the two pages meet in the binding.
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HALFTONE IMAGE
An image reproduced through a special screen made up of dots of various sizes to simulate shades of gray in a photograph. Typically used for newspaper or magazine reproduction of images.
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HANDSHAKING
Handshaking is an exchange of signaling information between two communications systems. Handshaking establishes how the two systems will transmit data. A procedure carried out when establishing a connection between two data communications devices prior to any data transfer, communications synchronizing technique using two signals: (1) ready? (2) yes/no acknowledgement.
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HARD COPY
In imaging usually used to describe anything on paper. Computer output that is produced on a permanent medium, generally paper.
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HARD DISK
A hard disk is a magnetic storage device consisting of multiple spinning platters (disks), each with its own read write heads. Hard disk drives have a much higher storage capacity (up to a gigabyte or more) than floppy disks. They also have a much faster access time and higher transfer rate than floppy disk drives. A rigid circular platter coated with magnetic material. A type called a "Winchester" disk is contained in a disk drive unit that is permanently sealed to keep out dust and other contaminants. It has much greater storage capacity and can operate at faster speeds than a floppy disk of similar size.
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HARDWARE
The 'nuts and bolts' of the computer, that includes the monitor, CPU, printers, disc drives, and etc.
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HARDWIRED
Circuits that are permanently interconnected to perform a specific function, as distinct from circuits addressed by software in a program and, therefore, capable of performing a variety of functions, albeit more slowly. Also used to describe a non-switched connection between devices.
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HCFA
Health Care Financing Administration.
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HDTV (HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION)
New video "standard" that will resolve 1,125 lines in the United States instead of the traditional 525 lines of the NTSC standard. In Europe and the Far East, the number of scan lines varies.
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HEADER
The portion of a message, preceding the actual data, containing source and destination address and error-checking fields.
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HEADER AREA
Portion of the transaction set which contains preliminary information that pertains to the entire transaction set, such as date, company name, address, terms, etc.
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HEALTH CARE FINANCING ADMINISTRATION (HCFA)
Part of the United States Government Department of Health and Human Services, this group is responsible for national administration and guidance for Medicare and Medicaid programs.
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HERTZ (HZ)
A unit of frequency. Hertz is used, for example, to describe the periodic properties of acoustic, electrical, and optical signals. Also used to describe refresh rate of monitors. One hertz is equal to one cycle per second.
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HEXADECIMAL
Numbering system that uses 16 digits: 0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F. A base 16 numbering system.
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HIERARCHICAL FILE STRUCTURE
A format for storing hierarchical files. Each unit of analysis has its own record structure or record type. Different units of analysis do not necessarily have the same number of bytes or characters as the records for other units of analysis. In order to give such a file a common physical record length, short logical records are typically "padded" with blanks so that they will all be the same physical record length. A hierarchical file can also be stored in a rectangular file. Typically, the hierarchical file structure is more space efficient but more difficult to use.
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HIGH RESOLUTION
A quality of video graphics display systems or printers capable of producing images in great detail.
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HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
A programming language resembling natural language with powerful instructions, which require either a compiler or interpreter.
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HIGHLIGHT
To make an object 'shaded' so that it is distinguished from other objects on a display screen or hard-copy printout.
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HIGH-RESOLUTION VERSION
Version of the composite displayed on screen in the PIE window when the composite is being assembled. Shows exactly how the composite will look when it's printed.
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HISTOGRAM
A bar graph analysis tool that can be used to identify contrast and dynamic range image problems. Histograms are found in most software programs that are used to manipulate digital images.
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HIT
As used in reference to the World Wide Web, Hit means a single request from a web browser for a single item from a web server; thus in order for a web browser to display a page that contains 3 graphics, 4 hits would occur at the server: for the HTML page and one for each of the 3 graphics. Hits are often used as a very rough measure of load on a server, e.g. "Our server has been getting 300,000 hits per month." Because each hit can represent anything from a request for a tiny document (or even a request for a missing document) to a request that requires some significant additional processing (such as a complex search request), the actual load on a machine from 1 hit is almost impossible to define.
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HITS
The number of documents your program finds when you do a query.
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HLLAPI
(High Level Language Application Program Interface) Used in an IBM environment, HLLAPl is a PC-based package that is used for creating interfaces between mainframes and PC applications. HLLAPl was designed specifically for use with high-level programming languages, such as C, Pascal, and BASIC.
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HOLLERITH CARD
A punched hole card used for storing information for input into the computer. Aperture cards are a form of Hollerith card with a microfilmed image included.
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HOME OFFICE
An office responsible for directing or managing two or more, but not necessarily all, segments of an organization. It typically establishes policy for and provides guidance to, the segments in their operations. It usually performs management, supervisory or administrative functions and may also perform service functions in support of the operations of the various segments. An organization, which has intermediate levels, such as groups, may have several home offices, which report to a common home office. An intermediate organization may be both a segment and a home office.
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HOME PAGE
The term used to describe the first page or normal first point of access, of a web site. This page normally describes the site and should provide an index to the information or services provided by the site.
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HOP COUNT
In message or packet routing, a hop is a transmission between two machines, which may be nodes or routers, depending on the size of the network or inter-network across which transmissions must go. In network routing, the number of nodes or routers through which a packet must (or may) pass in going from the source to the destination is called the hop count.
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HOST
In the mainframe and minicomputer environments, a host or host computer is a machine that provides processing capabilities for attached terminals or nodes. The term used in the Internet community to describe any device attached to the network that provides application level service (i.e., a machine that one can log in to and do useful work). A router is not a host. Any computer on a network that is a repository for services available to other computers on the network. It is quite common to have one host machine provide several services, such as WWW and USENET.
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HOST COMPUTER
In the context of networks, a computer that directly provides service to a user. In contrast to a network server, which provides services to a user through an intermediary host computer.
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HOT FILE OR ITEM
Also known as a derogatory file or negative file. This refers to an item that is an exception, an account that should not be processed, generally due to insufficient funds or a closed account. This is critical in the case of a foreclosed mortgage, for example.
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HOT KEY
In general, a hot key is a keystroke or keystroke combination that causes a particular action or function to be executed, usually regardless of the current state of a program or process.
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HTML
Hypertext Markup Language.
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HTML (HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE)
An encoding format for linking and identifying electronic documents and used to deliver information on the World Wide Web. May be superseded by XML in the future.
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HTTP ( HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL.)
The technology required for using hypertext. The beneficial feature of this text is that it allows the reader to follow links to different places in the document or to other related documents. See Hypertext Markup Language {HTML).
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HUB
A hub is a network component that serves as a common termination point for multiple nodes and that can relay signals along the appropriate paths.
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HUE
A term used to describe the entire range of colors of the spectrum; hue is the component that determines just what color you are using. In gradients, when you use a color model in which hue is a component, you can create rainbow effects.
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HYBRID
A combination of technologies whose combined sum is a breed of the technology.
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